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Histology exam 2 > muscles > Flashcards

muscles Flashcards

1
Q

syncytium

A

contains many nuclei in a common cytoplasm; skeletal muscle cell

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2
Q

what are contractile proteins synthesized into in cytosol

A

myosin thick and actin thin filaments

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3
Q

what is muscle fiber made of?

A

myofibrils

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4
Q

what is muscle fiber further organized into?

A

fascicles, and into anatomically identifiable muscles

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5
Q

myofiber

A

each muscle cell, made up of myofibrils

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6
Q

sarcomere I band

A

only actin

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7
Q

sarcomere H band

A

only myosin

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8
Q

M line

A

bisects H and A bands

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9
Q

Z line

A

bisects the I band (*made of alpha actinin)

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10
Q

titin

A

large thick filament associated protein

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11
Q

nebulin

A

thin filament associated protein

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12
Q

desmin

A

intermediate filament protein

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13
Q

calsequestrin

A

calcium binding protein

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14
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

where myofiber and axon terminus meet

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15
Q

primary synaptic cleft

A

shallow trough in which the axon terminal lies

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16
Q

secondary synaptic clefts, or junctional folds

A

sarcolemma invaginations to increase surface area at site of junction

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17
Q

how is muscle stabilized

A

basal lamina and reticular fiber

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18
Q

how does dystrophin work?

A

anchors the cortical actin network ot the extracellular matrix through the interaction of its N-terminus with F0actin, and the interaction of its C termninus with a transmembrane complex of dystrophin-associated proteins and dystrophin-associated glycoproteins.

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19
Q

dystrophin-transmembrane protein/ glycoprotein complex

A

stabilizes association between myofibrillar proteins inside the muscle cell and the extracellular basal lamina. protects physical integritiy of the muscle.

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20
Q

three types of connective tissue that organize myofibers

A

endomysium, perimysium, epipysium

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21
Q

endomysium

A

surrounds each myofiber

22
Q

perimysium

A

bundles several myofibers into groups called fascicles

23
Q

epimysium

A

dense CT sheath that finds fascicles together to form the muscle body

24
Q

role of mytendinous junction

A

attaches skeletal muscle to bone via tendon

25
Q

muscle spindle

A

encapsulated, lymph filled, fusiform structures that lie parallel to the skeletal myofibers in connective tissue bet. bundles of myofibers.

26
Q

intrafusal fibers

A

contained by muscle spindle. modified muscle fiber. has a central nonstriated area where nuclei are concentrated.

27
Q

two types of intrafusal fibers

A

nuclear bag fibers

nuclear chain fibers

28
Q

two types of sensory fiber receptors associated with intrafusal fibers

A

annulospiral endings

flower-spray endings

29
Q

what happens when muscle is stretched

A

sensory fiber receptors are distorted and stimulated, and the relay of this info leads to contraction

30
Q

satellite cells

A

stem cells in adult muscle. proliferate after injury to generate new myoblasts. reside underneath the basal lamina.

31
Q

where are cardiac muscle cells found

A

myocardium of heart and in the walls of the large veins at their junction with the heart. mononucleated

32
Q

organization of cardiac muscle includes

A

myofibrils in sarcomers, intercalated disks, abundant mitochondria

33
Q

role of intercalated disks

A

organize several specialized junctions for stable adhesion and communication

34
Q

what kind of junctions in intercalated disks

A

desmosomes, fascia adheres, gap junctions

35
Q

what does desmin do in cardiac muscle cells?

A

the intermediate filament protein associated with desmosomes

36
Q

diads

A

formed between SR and T tubules in cardiac myocytes. Present at the Z lines.

37
Q

cardiac T tubules

A

are thicker

38
Q

SR in cardiac myocytes

A

less extensive; uses extracellular calcium

39
Q

delicate CT endomysium

A

surrounds individual cardiac myofibers.

40
Q

where is a rich capillary network present

A

cardiac myocyte

41
Q

role of perimysium in cardiac myocytes

A

myofibers are bundled into groups. collagenous fibers are coarser than those of endomysium

42
Q

Purinje fibers

A

modified cardiac myocytes. conduct impulses from AV node through ventricular septum into the ventricles. these cells have few poorly organized myofibrils. no t tubules.

43
Q

myofilaments in smooth muscle contain mostly

A

actin; not arranged in sarcomeres or myofibrils

44
Q

dense bodies

A

in sarcoplasm. contain alpha-actinin and are analogous to Z lines of striated myofibers. serve as anchoring sites for actin myofilaments

45
Q

attachment plaques

A

anchoring site for actin myofilament

46
Q

what role does desmin play in smooth muscle?

A

intermediate filaments associated with attachment plaques

47
Q

what happens during smooth muscle contraction?

A

their nuclei coil up

48
Q

does smooth muscle have SR?

A

yes, but it is poorly elaborated

49
Q

two types of smooth muscle tissue

A

unitary (visceral); multi-unit

50
Q

visceral (unitary) smooth muscle

A

found in walls of many hollow organs. exhibit sustained contractions or waves of contraction. few are innervated. connected by gap junctions. spontaneous depolarization.

51
Q

multi unit smooth muscle

A

rely upon neural stimulation of contraction. cells receive individual innervation. undergo relatively rapid, precisely graded contraction. sphincter pupillae of eye and arrector pili muscles of skin

Histology exam 2 (2 decks)

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