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Histology exam 2 > cartilage, bone, osteogenesis > Flashcards

cartilage, bone, osteogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

what do cartilage and bone originate from? what do the cells secrete that they are composed of?

A

mesenchyme

an extracellular matrix (ECM)

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2
Q

three types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

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3
Q

hyaline cartilage is made up of? 3

A

cartilaginous cells (chondrocytes), ECM, periochondrium.

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4
Q

type of collagen in hyaline?

A

Type 2

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5
Q

how do waste and nutrients move away or toward cartilage? why?

A

by simple diffusion. cartilage does not contain vasculature, nerves, or lymphatics

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6
Q

what is ECM secreted by chondrocytes composed of?

A

fibers and amorphous ground substance. fibers are mostly type 2 collagen.

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7
Q

what is amorphous ground matrix composed of?

A

aggrecan

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8
Q

what does collagen provide? aggrecan?

A

collagen provides tensile strength, while aggrecan contains a high concentration of negative ions to attract and bind large quantities of water molecules

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9
Q

how does cartilage ECM serve as a shock absorber?

A

it is a space-holding network, a form of immobilized water. releases water when under compression and attracting water when the compressive force is removed

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10
Q

what does cartilage tissue develop from?

A

mesenchyme

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11
Q

what do mesenchymal cells develop into?

A

chondroblasts

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12
Q

what is a lacuna?

A

to form mature cartilage, each chondroblast secretes an ECM around itself. it embeds itself in ECM in a space called a lacuna. The chondroblast becomes a chondrocyte.

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13
Q

What is there a lot of in chondrocytes?

A

RER

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14
Q

two growth modes in cartilage?

A

interstitial growth and appositional growth

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15
Q

interstitial growth

A

by mitotic division of chondroblasts within lacunae

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16
Q

appositional growth

A

by development of new cells within the perichordium

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17
Q

what does hyaline cartilage make up?

A

fetal skeleton, anterior portion of ribs, structural support of trachea and bronchi, articular surfaces of synovia joings , epiphyseal plate in long bone

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18
Q

what is a synovial joint composed of?

A

fibrous capsule, a synovial membrane, and articular surface

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19
Q

what does cartilage not have at articular surfaces?

A

perichondrium. low friction and high pressures.

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20
Q

what does innermost layer of perichondrium contain? why?

A

chondrogenic cells for appositional growth

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21
Q

purpose of perichondrium?

A

attachment point for skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and connective tissue

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22
Q

what does elastic cartilage contain?

A

elastic fibers and type 2 collagen

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23
Q

what is purpose of elastic fibers

A

increased amt of flexibility designed to withstand repeated flexions and extensions

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24
Q

where is elastic cartilage found?

A

in structures that must withstand repeated bending, such as auricle of ear, external auditory canal, the eustachian tube, the epiglottis, and the larynx.

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25
how can elastic fibers be stained?
cant be seen with H&E. Have to use a specific stain that stains fibers black.
26
what covers elastic cartilage? what does it contain?
chondrobasts and chondrocytes in lacunae. also has same ECM components as all other cartilage. (type II, minor collagesn, amorphous ground substance)
27
two components of elastin fiber
fibrillin fibers and elastin core
28
what does fibrocartilage contain in addition to usual ECM components of cartilage?
type I collagen fibers.
29
how does type I collagen make fibrocartilage different?
makes it tougher than hyaline or elastic cartilage, but also makes it resistant to compressive forces
30
where is fibrocartilage found?
symphysis pubis, intervertebral disks, menisci of the knee joint, and at attachment points of tendons and bones
31
what color does fibrocallagen stain in H&E?
pink because of type I collagen fibers
32
best example of fibrocartilage is found in?
intervertebral disks, shock absorbers between vertebrae
33
two parts of intervertebral disk
a center containing mesenchymal cells in a viscous fluid of hyaluronic acid and an outer layer of regular-arranged concentric fibrocartilage layers
34
annulus fibrosus
fibrocartilage layers
35
does cartilage repair occur in adults?
poorly or not at all
36
when is cartilage generated?
when oxgen pressure is low
37
why is an after-effect of cardiothorasic surgery arthritis of the rib cage?
costal cartilage is severed to open the chest cavity for heart repair. the ribs have to be wired back to the sternum. the natural healing process is slow and incomplete.
38
what are two functions of bone?
specilized connective tissue and organ
39
bones are classified as (4)
long bones,short bones, flat bones, irregular bones
40
functions of the bone (4)
form the jointed skeletal system of the body protect vital organs contain bone marrow provide a reservoir for calcium ions and phosphate ions
41
osteoid
organic portion of bone
42
what does osteoid contain?
amorphous ground substance and fibers
43
what is amorphous ground substance composed of in bone? fibers?
amorphous ground substance is composed of proteoglycans. Fibers are predominantly type I collagen.
44
calcium phosphate
principal mineral component of ECM of bone. present in crystalline form.
45
How is bone prepared for LM examination? 2
a. ground bone method - bone is thinly sliced and finely ground. calcified matrix is preserved but cells are lost b. demineralization or decalcification -bone is fixed, calcium phosphate is removed, and remaining material is embedded, sectioned, and stained with H&E. fixation process preserves cells and organic portion of ECM.
46
what are osteoblasts? osteocytes? osteoclasts?
osteoblasts: manufacture bone osteocytes: maintain bone osteoclasts: digest bone
47
what type of cell is the osteoblast?
basophilic, cuboidal
48
what do osteoblasts produce?
alkaline phosphatase, procollagen, and non-collagenous proteins that play role in calcification.
49
what are osteoblasts stimulated by?
vitamin D, calcitonin, estrogen, and various growth factors.
50
how does PTH affect osteoblasts?
inhibits them and activates osteoclasts
51
where do osteoblasts originate?
from osteoprogenitor cells in periosteum and bone marrow.
52
where are osteoblasts found?
line the endosteal and periosteal surfaces of actively growing bone and maintain communication with each other by gap junctions. have prominent RER and Golgi.
53
role of osteoclasts?
resorb bone
54
how do osteoclasts work?
secrete hydrogen ion to lower extracellular pH, secrete acid phosphatase, and dissolve calcium phosphate matrix of bone. release collagenase which digest old collagen fibers.
55
what stimulates osteoclasts? inhibits?
PTH/ calcitonin
56
how are osteoclasts different from macrophages?
macrophages digest things intracellularly via a lysosomal system. osteoclasts begin digestive process extracellularly by secreting lysosomal-like enzymes into lumen adjacent to their ruffled border.
57
remodeling
process of bulding and digesting bone continously
58
when does remodeling take place?
normal bone maintenance repair of bone fractures in response to increased bone loading
59
distinct architectural features of long bone (4)
a. diaphysis (shaft) b. two epiphyses (ends) c. metaphysis (funnel like portion of shaft) d. marrow spaces
60
what is compact bone?
composes periphery of shaft.
61
what is trabecular bone?
spongy bone. contains the spaces for bone marrow. in central portion of bone.
62
what is the osteon?
unit consisting of central canal, all of the concentric lamellae, and their canaliculi.
63
lamellae
concentric plates surrounding the central (haversian) canal. composed of collagen fibrils in orthogonal arrangement. all fibers oriented in same direction.
64
how are lamellae fibers in neighboring cells arranged?
at 90 degree angles to develop strength
65
what do haversian canals and Volkmann's canals contain?
veins, arteries, lymphatics, and nerve processes. that is why bone breakage always involves bleeding.
66
lacunae
visible bet. lamellae as dark spaces. one osteocyte resides in each lacuna.
67
canaliculi
canals that extend between lacunae. osteocytes used these to comunicate via gap junctions
68
what canal provides the nourishment of osteocytes?
haversian (central) canal
69
how does distance from central canal affect size of osteons?
the farther away, the smaller
70
perichondrium
outer covering of cartilage
71
periosteum
outer covering of bone
72
layers of periosteum
outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer
73
cellular layer of periosteum contains
osteoprogenitor cells
74
how do ligaments and tendons insert into bone?
merge with the periosteum
75
sharphey's fibers
type I collagenous fibers extend into bone when ligaments and tendons are inserting into bone, and anchor it firmly. found wherever strong attachment to bone is required. periosteum is thickened at these attachments.
76
two types of ossification
intramembranous and endochondrial
77
what do low oxygen levels favor devt of? high oxygen levels?
cartilage/ bone
78
intramembranous ossification
bone forms directly within a layer of condensed mesenchyme. cartilage is NOT involved.
79
when do osteoblasts become osteocytes?
when they surround themselves with bone matrix
80
what forms periosteal layer
mesenchymal cells at the periphery of region with ossification centers.
81
bones of skull mostly formed by
intramembraneous ossification
82
endochondral ossification
bone tissue deposited upon cartilaginous "model". produces principal marrow cavities. makes long bones. provides good structural support for developing fetus
83
how does endochondral ossification work?
mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrobasts that form a cartilaginous ECM. mesenchymal mass is replaced by cartiaginous "bone" surrounded by perichondrium. blood vessels from perichondrium invade limb bud. O2 increases. chondrocytes grow and secrete alkaline phosphatase, which catalyzes calcification of cartilage.
84
epiphyseal or growth plate
a plate of cartilage remains as last remnant of original cartilage model. provides mechanism by which long bones grow in length. composed of hyaline cartilage.
85
regions of growth plate
``` zone of reserve (resting) cartilage zone of proliferation (chondroblasts divide rapidly) zone of hypertrophy (enlarge) zone of calcified cartilage (die) zone of ossification (bone is laid down) ```
86
steps of fracture repair
periosteal proliferation, hyaline cartilage, new formed primary bone (callus), newly formed secondary bone. hyaline intermediate step.
87
callus
woven bone used to repair fracture
88
fracture of growth plate can cause what?
stunted growth
89
avascular necrosis
breakage at neck of femur disrupts the bone's blood supply leading to necrosis of the bone
90
osteoarthritis
wear and tear degeneration of articular cartilage
91
Rickets
inadequate dietary levels of calcium cause defective bone formation
92
achondroplasia
genetic disorder with defective cartilage formation, leading to abnormal growth of long bones of extremities. common type. type 2 collagen mutation.
93
osteoporisis
too little estrogen after menopause; drop in estrogen levels causes a reduction in bone density, with an increased risk of broken bones
94
osteogenesis imperfecta
brittle bone disease; bad collage leads to bad bone

Histology exam 2 (2 decks)

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