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Histology exam 2 > cartilage, bone, osteogenesis > Flashcards

cartilage, bone, osteogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

what do cartilage and bone originate from? what do the cells secrete that they are composed of?

A

mesenchyme

an extracellular matrix (ECM)

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2
Q

three types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

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3
Q

hyaline cartilage is made up of? 3

A

cartilaginous cells (chondrocytes), ECM, periochondrium.

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4
Q

type of collagen in hyaline?

A

Type 2

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5
Q

how do waste and nutrients move away or toward cartilage? why?

A

by simple diffusion. cartilage does not contain vasculature, nerves, or lymphatics

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6
Q

what is ECM secreted by chondrocytes composed of?

A

fibers and amorphous ground substance. fibers are mostly type 2 collagen.

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7
Q

what is amorphous ground matrix composed of?

A

aggrecan

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8
Q

what does collagen provide? aggrecan?

A

collagen provides tensile strength, while aggrecan contains a high concentration of negative ions to attract and bind large quantities of water molecules

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9
Q

how does cartilage ECM serve as a shock absorber?

A

it is a space-holding network, a form of immobilized water. releases water when under compression and attracting water when the compressive force is removed

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10
Q

what does cartilage tissue develop from?

A

mesenchyme

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11
Q

what do mesenchymal cells develop into?

A

chondroblasts

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12
Q

what is a lacuna?

A

to form mature cartilage, each chondroblast secretes an ECM around itself. it embeds itself in ECM in a space called a lacuna. The chondroblast becomes a chondrocyte.

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13
Q

What is there a lot of in chondrocytes?

A

RER

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14
Q

two growth modes in cartilage?

A

interstitial growth and appositional growth

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15
Q

interstitial growth

A

by mitotic division of chondroblasts within lacunae

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16
Q

appositional growth

A

by development of new cells within the perichordium

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17
Q

what does hyaline cartilage make up?

A

fetal skeleton, anterior portion of ribs, structural support of trachea and bronchi, articular surfaces of synovia joings , epiphyseal plate in long bone

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18
Q

what is a synovial joint composed of?

A

fibrous capsule, a synovial membrane, and articular surface

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19
Q

what does cartilage not have at articular surfaces?

A

perichondrium. low friction and high pressures.

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20
Q

what does innermost layer of perichondrium contain? why?

A

chondrogenic cells for appositional growth

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21
Q

purpose of perichondrium?

A

attachment point for skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and connective tissue

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22
Q

what does elastic cartilage contain?

A

elastic fibers and type 2 collagen

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23
Q

what is purpose of elastic fibers

A

increased amt of flexibility designed to withstand repeated flexions and extensions

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24
Q

where is elastic cartilage found?

A

in structures that must withstand repeated bending, such as auricle of ear, external auditory canal, the eustachian tube, the epiglottis, and the larynx.

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25
Q

how can elastic fibers be stained?

A

cant be seen with H&E. Have to use a specific stain that stains fibers black.

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26
Q

what covers elastic cartilage? what does it contain?

A

chondrobasts and chondrocytes in lacunae. also has same ECM components as all other cartilage. (type II, minor collagesn, amorphous ground substance)

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27
Q

two components of elastin fiber

A

fibrillin fibers and elastin core

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28
Q

what does fibrocartilage contain in addition to usual ECM components of cartilage?

A

type I collagen fibers.

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29
Q

how does type I collagen make fibrocartilage different?

A

makes it tougher than hyaline or elastic cartilage, but also makes it resistant to compressive forces

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30
Q

where is fibrocartilage found?

A

symphysis pubis, intervertebral disks, menisci of the knee joint, and at attachment points of tendons and bones

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31
Q

what color does fibrocallagen stain in H&E?

A

pink because of type I collagen fibers

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32
Q

best example of fibrocartilage is found in?

A

intervertebral disks, shock absorbers between vertebrae

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33
Q

two parts of intervertebral disk

A

a center containing mesenchymal cells in a viscous fluid of hyaluronic acid and an outer layer of regular-arranged concentric fibrocartilage layers

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34
Q

annulus fibrosus

A

fibrocartilage layers

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35
Q

does cartilage repair occur in adults?

A

poorly or not at all

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36
Q

when is cartilage generated?

A

when oxgen pressure is low

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37
Q

why is an after-effect of cardiothorasic surgery arthritis of the rib cage?

A

costal cartilage is severed to open the chest cavity for heart repair. the ribs have to be wired back to the sternum. the natural healing process is slow and incomplete.

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38
Q

what are two functions of bone?

A

specilized connective tissue and organ

39
Q

bones are classified as (4)

A

long bones,short bones, flat bones, irregular bones

40
Q

functions of the bone (4)

A

form the jointed skeletal system of the body
protect vital organs
contain bone marrow
provide a reservoir for calcium ions and phosphate ions

41
Q

osteoid

A

organic portion of bone

42
Q

what does osteoid contain?

A

amorphous ground substance and fibers

43
Q

what is amorphous ground substance composed of in bone? fibers?

A

amorphous ground substance is composed of proteoglycans. Fibers are predominantly type I collagen.

44
Q

calcium phosphate

A

principal mineral component of ECM of bone. present in crystalline form.

45
Q

How is bone prepared for LM examination? 2

A

a. ground bone method - bone is thinly sliced and finely ground. calcified matrix is preserved but cells are lost
b. demineralization or decalcification -bone is fixed, calcium phosphate is removed, and remaining material is embedded, sectioned, and stained with H&E. fixation process preserves cells and organic portion of ECM.

46
Q

what are osteoblasts? osteocytes? osteoclasts?

A

osteoblasts: manufacture bone
osteocytes: maintain bone
osteoclasts: digest bone

47
Q

what type of cell is the osteoblast?

A

basophilic, cuboidal

48
Q

what do osteoblasts produce?

A

alkaline phosphatase, procollagen, and non-collagenous proteins that play role in calcification.

49
Q

what are osteoblasts stimulated by?

A

vitamin D, calcitonin, estrogen, and various growth factors.

50
Q

how does PTH affect osteoblasts?

A

inhibits them and activates osteoclasts

51
Q

where do osteoblasts originate?

A

from osteoprogenitor cells in periosteum and bone marrow.

52
Q

where are osteoblasts found?

A

line the endosteal and periosteal surfaces of actively growing bone and maintain communication with each other by gap junctions. have prominent RER and Golgi.

53
Q

role of osteoclasts?

A

resorb bone

54
Q

how do osteoclasts work?

A

secrete hydrogen ion to lower extracellular pH, secrete acid phosphatase, and dissolve calcium phosphate matrix of bone. release collagenase which digest old collagen fibers.

55
Q

what stimulates osteoclasts? inhibits?

A

PTH/ calcitonin

56
Q

how are osteoclasts different from macrophages?

A

macrophages digest things intracellularly via a lysosomal system. osteoclasts begin digestive process extracellularly by secreting lysosomal-like enzymes into lumen adjacent to their ruffled border.

57
Q

remodeling

A

process of bulding and digesting bone continously

58
Q

when does remodeling take place?

A

normal bone maintenance
repair of bone fractures
in response to increased bone loading

59
Q

distinct architectural features of long bone (4)

A

a. diaphysis (shaft)
b. two epiphyses (ends)
c. metaphysis (funnel like portion of shaft)
d. marrow spaces

60
Q

what is compact bone?

A

composes periphery of shaft.

61
Q

what is trabecular bone?

A

spongy bone. contains the spaces for bone marrow. in central portion of bone.

62
Q

what is the osteon?

A

unit consisting of central canal, all of the concentric lamellae, and their canaliculi.

63
Q

lamellae

A

concentric plates surrounding the central (haversian) canal. composed of collagen fibrils in orthogonal arrangement. all fibers oriented in same direction.

64
Q

how are lamellae fibers in neighboring cells arranged?

A

at 90 degree angles to develop strength

65
Q

what do haversian canals and Volkmann’s canals contain?

A

veins, arteries, lymphatics, and nerve processes. that is why bone breakage always involves bleeding.

66
Q

lacunae

A

visible bet. lamellae as dark spaces. one osteocyte resides in each lacuna.

67
Q

canaliculi

A

canals that extend between lacunae. osteocytes used these to comunicate via gap junctions

68
Q

what canal provides the nourishment of osteocytes?

A

haversian (central) canal

69
Q

how does distance from central canal affect size of osteons?

A

the farther away, the smaller

70
Q

perichondrium

A

outer covering of cartilage

71
Q

periosteum

A

outer covering of bone

72
Q

layers of periosteum

A

outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer

73
Q

cellular layer of periosteum contains

A

osteoprogenitor cells

74
Q

how do ligaments and tendons insert into bone?

A

merge with the periosteum

75
Q

sharphey’s fibers

A

type I collagenous fibers extend into bone when ligaments and tendons are inserting into bone, and anchor it firmly. found wherever strong attachment to bone is required. periosteum is thickened at these attachments.

76
Q

two types of ossification

A

intramembranous and endochondrial

77
Q

what do low oxygen levels favor devt of? high oxygen levels?

A

cartilage/ bone

78
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

bone forms directly within a layer of condensed mesenchyme. cartilage is NOT involved.

79
Q

when do osteoblasts become osteocytes?

A

when they surround themselves with bone matrix

80
Q

what forms periosteal layer

A

mesenchymal cells at the periphery of region with ossification centers.

81
Q

bones of skull mostly formed by

A

intramembraneous ossification

82
Q

endochondral ossification

A

bone tissue deposited upon cartilaginous “model”. produces principal marrow cavities. makes long bones. provides good structural support for developing fetus

83
Q

how does endochondral ossification work?

A

mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrobasts that form a cartilaginous ECM. mesenchymal mass is replaced by cartiaginous “bone” surrounded by perichondrium. blood vessels from perichondrium invade limb bud. O2 increases. chondrocytes grow and secrete alkaline phosphatase, which catalyzes calcification of cartilage.

84
Q

epiphyseal or growth plate

A

a plate of cartilage remains as last remnant of original cartilage model. provides mechanism by which long bones grow in length. composed of hyaline cartilage.

85
Q

regions of growth plate

A 
zone of reserve (resting) cartilage
zone of proliferation (chondroblasts divide rapidly)
zone of hypertrophy (enlarge)
zone of calcified cartilage (die)
zone of ossification (bone is laid down)
86
Q

steps of fracture repair

A

periosteal proliferation, hyaline cartilage, new formed primary bone (callus), newly formed secondary bone.

hyaline intermediate step.

87
Q

callus

A

woven bone used to repair fracture

88
Q

fracture of growth plate can cause what?

A

stunted growth

89
Q

avascular necrosis

A

breakage at neck of femur disrupts the bone’s blood supply leading to necrosis of the bone

90
Q

osteoarthritis

A

wear and tear degeneration of articular cartilage

91
Q

Rickets

A

inadequate dietary levels of calcium cause defective bone formation

92
Q

achondroplasia

A

genetic disorder with defective cartilage formation, leading to abnormal growth of long bones of extremities. common type. type 2 collagen mutation.

93
Q

osteoporisis

A

too little estrogen after menopause; drop in estrogen levels causes a reduction in bone density, with an increased risk of broken bones

94
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta

A

brittle bone disease; bad collage leads to bad bone

Histology exam 2 (2 decks)

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