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Physiology- Biol 201 > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

2 functions of muscles?

A
  1. produce tensile forces “pulling”

2. produce heat

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2
Q

How do muscles produce tensile forces “pulling”?

A
  1. body movement (moving arm) and locomotion (walking)
  2. joint stabilization
  3. pumping fluid and air
  4. control flow of fluid and air
  5. transporting and digesting food
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3
Q

Events that occur at neuromuscular junction?

A
  1. Action Potential reaches terminal
  2. Ca2+ channels open/release Ca2+
  3. Vesicles fuse to postsynaptic cell membrane and release N.T ACh
  4. ACh binds to Na+ ligand gated channels at motor end plate of muscle cell
  5. Influx of Na+ at motor end plate causes EPSP
  6. Voltage gated Na+ channels allow Na+ to flow in
  7. If motor end plate potential reaches threshold then there will be an Action Potential which spreads down the sarcolemma (muscle cell membrane)
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4
Q

What is the Sarcolemma?

A

the muscle cell membrane

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5
Q

What is an EMG?

A

electromyography: measures muscle electricity

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6
Q

what does an EMG measure?

A

it measures the frequency of action potentials (frequency) and the number of muscle cells that are stimulated (magnitude)

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7
Q

what is the magnitude of the EMG proportional to?

A

magnitude of EMG is proportional to the number of muscle cells that are excited

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8
Q

what is the number of muscle cells excited proportional to?

A

number of cells excited is proportional to force

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9
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum (S.R.) ?

A

a cistern for Ca2+; it stores Ca2+

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10
Q

what is the condition of the muscle cell at rest?

A

the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ is low because it is still being stored in the S.R

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11
Q

what happens when the muscle is excited?

A

the A.P stimulates the DHP receptor; DHP mechanically interacts with Ryanadine receptor which opens Ca2+ channels; Ca2+ flows out of S.R. into Intracellular fluid (ICF); intracellular concentration of Ca2+ increases

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12
Q

what is a t-tubule?

A

a deep invagination of the muscle cell membrane where the Action Potential travels to excited the muscle cell

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13
Q

what is the DHP receptor and where is it?

A

Dihydropyradine receptor attached to the muscle cell membrane

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14
Q

where is the ryanadine receptor?

A

attached to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

what are the 2 functional proteins in muscle?

A

G-actin (thin filament) and Myosin (thick filament)

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16
Q

at rest what is the conformation of the actin/myosin?

A

tropomyosin blocks binding site for myosin heads to bind to actin

17
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

1 motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that the neuron communicates with

18
Q

what is the distribution of motor neurons like?

A

varies greatly throughout the body

ex: lots of motor neurons in finger tips

19
Q

What is frequency of muscle stimulation proportional to?

A

force

20
Q

what two things control muscle force?

A
  1. frequency of muscle stimulation

2. recruitment (the number of motor units activated; measured with EMG)

21
Q

what is muscle recruitment?

A

the number of motor units activated and measured with EMG

22
Q

what factors influence muscle force?

A
  1. size of muscle fibers (the number of sarcomeres (actin/myosin) packed in each muscle fiber)
23
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

1 motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that the neuron communicates with

24
Q

what is the distribution of motor neurons like?

A

varies greatly throughout the body

ex: lots of motor neurons in finger tips

25
Q

What is frequency of muscle stimulation proportional to?

A

force

26
Q

what two things control muscle force?

A
  1. frequency of muscle stimulation

2. recruitment (the number of motor units activated; measured with EMG)

27
Q

what is muscle recruitment?

A

the number of motor units activated and measured with EMG

28
Q

what factors influence muscle force?

A
  1. size of muscle fibers (the number of sarcomeres (actin/myosin) packed in each muscle fiber)

Physiology- Biol 201 (8 decks)

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