Major Themes of Physiology

Question 1

define physiology

Answer 1

the study of function of organisms

Question 2

what do “physis” and “logia” mean?

Answer 2

Greek for “nature” and “study of”

Question 3

What are the 5 major themes of physiology?

Answer 3

1. Homeostasis
2. Control Systems
3. Biological Energy Use
4. Structure/Function Relationships
5. Communication

Question 4

define homeostasis

Answer 4

a state of dynamic equilibrium

maintain a relatively constant internal environment

Question 5

What 3 things are part of a control system?

Answer 5

1. an input signal (received by receptor)
2. a controller (which interprets input signal)
3. an output signal (which uses an effector)

Question 6

What does Biological energy use mean?

Answer 6

how energy is Obtained, Transported, Used, Stored (OTUS)

Question 7

What do we mean by structure/function relationships?

Answer 7

compartmentalization- how external env. is separated from internal env. and how material is transported b/w environments (ex. food/water in and out?)

Question 8

What are 3 purposes of multiple compartments?

Answer 8

1. separate functional regions
2. how is material transported b/w regions?
3. how do they buffer changes in local internal env.?

Question 9

What do we mean by communication?

Answer 9

1. information (nervous system)

2. mass flow (passage of matter through body and what that matter conveys to the body)

Question 10

What are the 4 Tissue types?

Answer 10

1. Epithelium
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous

Question 11

what is epithelium?

Answer 11

layers of cells that line/cover organs; separates environments; the interface b/w environments

Question 12

5 functions of epithelium?

Answer 12

1. protection
2. absorption
3. filtration
4. secretion
5. excretion

Question 13

types of epithelium?

Answer 13

• squamous, cuboidal, columnar

- simple, stratified

Question 14

what is connective tissue?

Answer 14

living cells surround by non-living matrix (contains protein fiber for rigidity, elasticity, etc.)

Question 15

What is loose C.T. and what are the 2 types?

Answer 15

loose c.t. is not very dense

1. areolar- collagen fibers
2. reticular- reticular fibers

Question 16

What is C.T. proper and what are the 2 types?

Answer 16

c. t. proper is more dense
1. regular- collagen arranged parallel
2. irregular- collagen arranged irregularly

Question 17

What is adipose C.T.?

Answer 17

fat: cushions organs, insulation, energy storage

Question 18

what is cartilage made of and what are the 3 types?

Answer 18

made of chondrocytes

1. hyaline (tough/resilient but allows elasticity for range of motion. ex: connects sternum to ribs)
2. elastic (allows movement w/o damage. ex: ears/nose)
3. fibrous (excellent compressive force resistance. ex: b/w intervertebral discs, menisci in knee joints)

Question 19

what is bone c.t. made of?

Answer 19

osteocytes: bone cells that are living and surrounded by non-living matrix of calcium phospate

Question 20

what is blood made of?

Answer 20

RBC’s, WBC’s, Platelets, water, glucose, proteins, many other ions

Question 21

what is the job of WBC’s?

Answer 21

immune response

Question 22

what is the job of RBC’s?

Answer 22

carry O2 and CO2 (have no nucleus but still large component of blood)

Question 23

3 types of Muscle tissue

Answer 23

1. skeletal- voluntary; skeleton
2. cardiac- involuntary; auto rhythmic; heart
3. smooth- involuntary; lines organs of digestive/respiratory tracts

Question 24

what do muscles produce?

Answer 24

contraction: pulling force/tension

Question 25

what do muscles consist of?

Answer 25

excitable membranes

Question 26

what are the 2 components of nervous tissue?

Answer 26

1. neurons: functional cells for communication

2. gleal cells: support function (microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes/schwann cells, ependymals)