Muscles Flashcards
The largest muscle
Gluteus Maximus
The longest muscle
Sartorius
The strongest muscle
Masseter
The 3 kinds of muscle tissue
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Smooth
-striated
-voluntary
-multinucleated
-attached to the skeleton
Skeletal muscle
-striated, but branched fibers
-intercalated discs hold them together
-involuntary
Cardiac muscle
-spindle shaped
-involuntary
-found around hollow organs such as arteries, esophagus, and the stomach
Smooth muscle
muscle to muscle
ligaments
bone to muscle
tendons
Long, cylindrical muscle fibers
sarcolemma
Each muscle fiber is a bunch of…
myofibrils
myofibrils are made up of…
thin and thick filaments
Thick filaments are made up of this protein
myosin
Thin filaments are made up of this protein
actin
These are regulatory proteins
tropomyosin and troponin
These are contractile proteins
myosin and actin
What neurotransmitter helps with contraction?
Acetylcholine (Ach)
The basic unit of striated muscle tissue, extends from one z-line to the next
Sarcomeres
Bands that are made up of actin filaments anchored to z lines
I-Bands
Bands that are made up of overlapping thick and thin filaments
A-Bands
Center of A-bands. Consists only of myosin filaments
H zone
Important for calcium storage and the release of calcium into transverse tubules for contraction
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
-X linked
-Dystrophin is missing, muscle fibers fall apart
-Symptoms: abnormal posture/walk, Gower’s maneuver can diagnose, can’t stand without assistance, abnormally large calves–> fatty tissue, not muscle
Muscular Dystrophy–> Duchenne
-female patient
-patient usually feels better, then relapses
-the body’s immune system attacks the neuromuscular junction
-Symptoms: lack of appetite, trouble breathing, lack of awareness, can’t contract muscles–> diaphragm is being moved by accessory organs
-Tx: Steroids are given, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Myasthenia Gravis
Neurotoxin that blocks Ach receptors and release, causes flaccid paralysis
Curare
Neurotoxin that blocks Ach, used for migraines (botox)
Botulism
Neurotoxin that causes excessive Ach release, paralytic convulsions–> lockjaw
Tetanus
Calcium pumps ran out of ATP, causes continuous contraction. Seen in death
Rigor mortis
These are the energy sources for contraction
ATP and Creatine Phosphate
movement that decreases the angle b/w two bones. Seen in hinge joints and ball and socket joints
Flexion
movement that increases the angle b/w two bones. If the angle is greater than 180 degrees it is called hyperextension
Extension
movement away from the midline of the body
abduction
movement toward the midline of the body
adduction
movement where one bone moves around the longitudinal axis of another bone. Common movement in ball and socket joints
rotation
a combination movement of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. The proximal end of the bone is stationary while the distal end moves in a circle. Common in ball and socket joints
Circumduction
movement of foot decreases the angle b/w the foot and tibia
dorsiflexion
movement of foot to increase the angle b/w the foot and tibia
plantarflexion
movement of the foot/ankle causing the sole of the foot to turn inward (internal rotation)
inversion
movement of the foot/ankle causing sole of foot to turn outward (external rotation)
eversion
movement causing the palm of the hand to turn down
pronation
movement causing the palm of the hand to turn upward. (your hands are in this position when standing in anatomical position)
supination
move the thumbs to touch the tips of the opposite fingers on the same hand
opposition
movement of a body part anteriorly
protraction
movement of a body part posteriorly
retraction
upward movement of a body part
elevation
downward movement of a body part
depression
fascicles converge from a broad origin to a single tendon insertion. ex: pectoralis major
convergent
fascicle rings. ex: orbicularis oculi and oris
circular
fibers run parallel to the long axis of the muscle. ex: sartorius
parallel
short fascicles that attach obliquely to a central tendon running the length of the muscle
pennate
