Muscles

Question 1

What are the 3 types of muscles

Answer 1

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

Question 2

What is myosin

Answer 2

A complex group of proteins which form the motivating force in muscle contractions

Question 3

What is type 1 muscle fibre

Answer 3

Slow twice muscle fibre
Smallest fibre
Produces small amount of force when contracting
Highly fatigue resistant

Question 4

What is type 2 muscle fibre

Answer 4

Moderate fast twitch
Moderate size
Uses oxygen and glucose as energy source
Quick contracting speed and higher force output
Typically activated during a Nero iv exercise

Question 5

What is type 2x muscle fibre

Answer 5

Fast twitch fibre
Large size
Generates most force
Las lists of glucose stored as glycogen for energy
Fibres fatigue quickly

Question 6

Name 4 muscle contraction and what they do

Answer 6

Concentric - active shortening
Eccentric - active lengthens

Isometric - constant length
Stretching - passive elongation

Question 7

What is the main compound used to produce ATP

Answer 7

Glucose
It is stored in the muscle and liver as glycogen and is easily broken down into glucose

Question 8

What is the difference between eccentric and concentric contractions

Answer 8

Eccentric
- 80% more stronger than concentric due to more cross bridges stuck
- more likely to damage connective tissues
- actin/myosin pulled wrong way as muscle lengths so more likely to cause injury

Concentric
- actin/myosin is pulsed together as muscle shortens

Question 9

What are the 3 components needed for ATP regelation in relation to muscle contraction

Answer 9

Mitochondrial respiration
First source is mitochondrial respiration during aerobic respiration Phosphocreatanine

During high muscle activity or longer periods of exercise ATP is then produced through phosphcreatanine system. This is an anaerobic system where a phosphate group is added to ADP to turn it into ATP

Glycolysis
Once phosphocreatanine stores have run out ATP is produced though glycolysis. An anaerbolic process. The byproduct of this is lactate which causes muscles fatigue

Question 10

What are actin-myosin cross bridges

Answer 10

When myosin heads attach and release from actin in a cycle

Question 11

How do muscle contractions occurs

Answer 11

Nervous impulse occurs which in teen moves the tropomysin revealing myosin binding sites

Myosin binds to actin. Once bound it releases the phosphate molecule which creates the power stroke and the actin is pulled towards the middle of the sarcomere

ADP is released
ATP binds to myosin heads which unbinds the actin and myosin

Question 12

What are the 5 muscle energy sources and there ordered used

Answer 12

1. Purine nucleodite
2. Creatinine phosphate
3. Anaerobic glycolysis
4. Krebs cycle
5. Free fatty acids

Lots of energy spice overlap to ensure more than one supply of ATP is available

Question 13

What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation

Possible 5th..

Answer 13

Heat
Redness
Pain
Swelling

Possible 5th = loss of function

Question 14

3 stages of muscle healing

Answer 14

Inflammation - first few days
Regeneration- first week
Fibrosis - 2nd/3rd week post injury

Question 15

How are muscles injury grades

What are the clinical signs and recovery time

Answer 15

Grade 1
- tear of only a few muscle fibres
-minimal loss to strength and function
7-21 days recovery

Grade 2
-more sever partial muscle tear
-evident decrease in strength/function
-2/3 months recovery

Grade 3
-complete rep tire of muscle
-complete loss of strength/function
-6 months + recovery

Question 16

Why is pain and lameness reduced in muscle injuries

Answer 16

Muscle nelly does not have any pain fibres
There are very minimal pain fibres around the outside of the muscle

Question 17

Two types of muscle injury

Answer 17

Over work
Physical damage

Question 18

Where does cramp occur

Answer 18

Only in muscles which cross 2 joints

Question 19

What does “origin” mean

Answer 19

Attachment nearer the spine

Question 20

What does “insertion” mean

Answer 20

Attachment away from the spine

Question 21

What does “action” mean

Answer 21

When the muscle does when it contracts

Question 22

What is isometric contraction

Answer 22

No change in muscle length in contraction

Question 23

What is a concentric contraction

Answer 23

Where the muscles shortens as it contracts

Question 24

What is an eccentric contraction

Answer 24

Where the muscle lengthens as it contracts

Question 25

What is a fusiform muscle

Give an example

Answer 25

-muscles tend to be long and thin
-most often cross hinge joints

-biceps brachii

Question 26

What is a parallel muscle

Give example

Answer 26

-fibres that run parallel
-long muscles with good endurance but low strength

• latissimus Dorsi

Question 27

What is a unipennate muscle

Give example

Answer 27

-fibres are inserted diagonally which allows great strength
-one sided

-long digital extensor and superficial digital extensor

Question 28

What is an bipennate muscle

Example

Answer 28

-muscles that have fibres on two sides of the tendon
-allows great power but less range of motion

-rectus femoris

Question 29

Multipennate muscle

Example

Answer 29

-multiple rows of diagonal fibres which connects to a large tendon
-allows for multiple muscle fibres with one tendon insertion

-deltoids

Question 30

What muscles fall into the gluteal muscle group (3)

Answer 30

Superficial gluteal
Medial gluteal
Deep gluteal

Question 31

What muscles fall into the gluteal muscle group (3)

Answer 31

Superficial gluteal
Medial gluteal
Deep gluteal

Question 32

What muscles fall into the hamstring muscle group (3)

Answer 32

Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus