Muscles Flashcards
What are the 3 types of muscles
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
What is myosin
A complex group of proteins which form the motivating force in muscle contractions
What is type 1 muscle fibre
Slow twice muscle fibre
Smallest fibre
Produces small amount of force when contracting
Highly fatigue resistant
What is type 2 muscle fibre
Moderate fast twitch
Moderate size
Uses oxygen and glucose as energy source
Quick contracting speed and higher force output
Typically activated during a Nero iv exercise
What is type 2x muscle fibre
Fast twitch fibre
Large size
Generates most force
Las lists of glucose stored as glycogen for energy
Fibres fatigue quickly
Name 4 muscle contraction and what they do
Concentric - active shortening
Eccentric - active lengthens
Isometric - constant length
Stretching - passive elongation
What is the main compound used to produce ATP
Glucose
It is stored in the muscle and liver as glycogen and is easily broken down into glucose
What is the difference between eccentric and concentric contractions
Eccentric
- 80% more stronger than concentric due to more cross bridges stuck
- more likely to damage connective tissues
- actin/myosin pulled wrong way as muscle lengths so more likely to cause injury
Concentric
- actin/myosin is pulsed together as muscle shortens
What are the 3 components needed for ATP regelation in relation to muscle contraction
Mitochondrial respiration
First source is mitochondrial respiration during aerobic respiration Phosphocreatanine
During high muscle activity or longer periods of exercise ATP is then produced through phosphcreatanine system. This is an anaerobic system where a phosphate group is added to ADP to turn it into ATP
Glycolysis
Once phosphocreatanine stores have run out ATP is produced though glycolysis. An anaerbolic process. The byproduct of this is lactate which causes muscles fatigue
What are actin-myosin cross bridges
When myosin heads attach and release from actin in a cycle
How do muscle contractions occurs
Nervous impulse occurs which in teen moves the tropomysin revealing myosin binding sites
Myosin binds to actin. Once bound it releases the phosphate molecule which creates the power stroke and the actin is pulled towards the middle of the sarcomere
ADP is released
ATP binds to myosin heads which unbinds the actin and myosin
What are the 5 muscle energy sources and there ordered used
- Purine nucleodite
- Creatinine phosphate
- Anaerobic glycolysis
- Krebs cycle
- Free fatty acids
Lots of energy spice overlap to ensure more than one supply of ATP is available
What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation
Possible 5th..
Heat
Redness
Pain
Swelling
Possible 5th = loss of function
3 stages of muscle healing
Inflammation - first few days
Regeneration- first week
Fibrosis - 2nd/3rd week post injury
How are muscles injury grades
What are the clinical signs and recovery time
Grade 1
- tear of only a few muscle fibres
-minimal loss to strength and function
7-21 days recovery
Grade 2
-more sever partial muscle tear
-evident decrease in strength/function
-2/3 months recovery
Grade 3
-complete rep tire of muscle
-complete loss of strength/function
-6 months + recovery
Why is pain and lameness reduced in muscle injuries
Muscle nelly does not have any pain fibres
There are very minimal pain fibres around the outside of the muscle
Two types of muscle injury
Over work
Physical damage
Where does cramp occur
Only in muscles which cross 2 joints
What does “origin” mean
Attachment nearer the spine
What does “insertion” mean
Attachment away from the spine
What does “action” mean
When the muscle does when it contracts
What is isometric contraction
No change in muscle length in contraction
What is a concentric contraction
Where the muscles shortens as it contracts
What is an eccentric contraction
Where the muscle lengthens as it contracts
What is a fusiform muscle
Give an example
-muscles tend to be long and thin
-most often cross hinge joints
-biceps brachii
What is a parallel muscle
Give example
-fibres that run parallel
-long muscles with good endurance but low strength
- latissimus Dorsi
What is a unipennate muscle
Give example
-fibres are inserted diagonally which allows great strength
-one sided
-long digital extensor and superficial digital extensor
What is an bipennate muscle
Example
-muscles that have fibres on two sides of the tendon
-allows great power but less range of motion
-rectus femoris
Multipennate muscle
Example
-multiple rows of diagonal fibres which connects to a large tendon
-allows for multiple muscle fibres with one tendon insertion
-deltoids
What muscles fall into the gluteal muscle group (3)
Superficial gluteal
Medial gluteal
Deep gluteal
What muscles fall into the gluteal muscle group (3)
Superficial gluteal
Medial gluteal
Deep gluteal
What muscles fall into the hamstring muscle group (3)
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
