muscles Flashcards

1
Q

description of voluntary skeletal muscle

A
  • cell membrane consists of sarcolemma
  • cytoplasm is sarcoplasm
  • many mitochondria
  • many myofibrils
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2
Q

description of the cardiac muscle

A
  • branches fibres with cross bridges
  • cells separated by intercalated discs
  • good network of capillaries
  • more reliant on aerobic respiration
  • many mitochondria
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3
Q

description of involuntary smooth muscle

A
  • contains actin and myosin
  • many mitochondria
  • looks like a broken egg yolk
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4
Q

what is the appearance of skeletal muscle under microscope

A

striated (due to actin and myosin)

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5
Q

what is the appearance of cardiac muscle under microscope

A

striated (due to myofibrils)

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6
Q

what is the contract speed of smooth muscles

A

slow and sustained

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7
Q

what is the appearance of smooth muscle under microscope

A

unstriated (no myofibrils)

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8
Q

fatigue in skeletal muscle

A

fatigues quickly

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9
Q

fatigue in cardiac muscle

A

does not fatigue (due to lots of mitochondria)

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10
Q

fatigue in smooth muscle

A

slow (does not tire easily)

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11
Q

function of skeletal muscle

A

contraction shortens muscle for a reflex (involuntary response)

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12
Q

function of cardiac muscle

A

contracts to decrease volume in heart to pump blood into ventricles or out of heart via arteries

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13
Q

function of smooth muscle

A

intestine walls - peristalsis
OR regulated blood pressure eg. exercise and temp regulation

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14
Q

what are myofibrils surrounded by?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum which stores and secretes calcium

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15
Q

function of t-tubules?

A

infoldings of sarcolemma which allow action potentials to spread electrical impulses across sarcoplasm

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16
Q

if you took a cross section of A band, what would you see?

A

action and myosin overlap

17
Q

if you took a cross section of H zone, what would you see?

A

myosin only

18
Q

if you took a cross section of I band, what would you see?

A

actin only

18
Q

what does calcium bind to?

19
Q

what does the binding of calcium to troponin cause?

A

troponin changes shape and causes tropomyosin to move away from myosin binding site = myosin head can now bind

20
Q

how is there conformational change in muscle contraction?

A

tilts from 90 degrees to 45 degrees which forces actin to move in relation to the myosin. ADP and Pi are released

21
Q

what is the condition causing the stiffening of muscles when ATP runs out?

A

rigor mortis (filaments become locked in position)

22
Q

myosin hydrolyses…

A

ATP into ADP and Pi, creating energy to release myosin head away from actin returning to original 90 degree position.

23
Q

how is the muscle shorten in simple terms

A

when the heads bend actin and myosin filaments move past each other so muscle shortens.

24
the motor end plate is said to be a ___________ ___________ region.
highly excitable
25
what is a motor end plate?
specialised form of synapse that forms between motor neurone and muscle fibre
26
what is the function of phosphocreatine?
phosphorylates ADP to ATP, this reaction maintains the muscle supply of ATP during vigorous exercise.
27
ATP running fast vs slow
less ATP vs more ATP
28
contraction time running fast vs slow
short burst of contraction vs longer contraction time
29
respiration in running fast vs slow
anaerobic vs aerobic
30
blood supply in running fast vs slow
poor blood supply vs good blood supply
31
myoglobin concentration is running fast vs slow
less myoglobin vs more myoglobin
32
resistance to lactic acid in fast running vs slow
high resistance vs low resistance
33
levels of mitochondria in fast running vs slow
low numbers of mitochondria vs high numbers of mitochondria