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module 5 biology > muscles > Flashcards

muscles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

description of voluntary skeletal muscle

A
  • cell membrane consists of sarcolemma
  • cytoplasm is sarcoplasm
  • many mitochondria
  • many myofibrils
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2
Q

description of the cardiac muscle

A
  • branches fibres with cross bridges
  • cells separated by intercalated discs
  • good network of capillaries
  • more reliant on aerobic respiration
  • many mitochondria
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3
Q

description of involuntary smooth muscle

A
  • contains actin and myosin
  • many mitochondria
  • looks like a broken egg yolk
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4
Q

what is the appearance of skeletal muscle under microscope

A

striated (due to actin and myosin)

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5
Q

what is the appearance of cardiac muscle under microscope

A

striated (due to myofibrils)

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6
Q

what is the contract speed of smooth muscles

A

slow and sustained

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7
Q

what is the appearance of smooth muscle under microscope

A

unstriated (no myofibrils)

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8
Q

fatigue in skeletal muscle

A

fatigues quickly

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9
Q

fatigue in cardiac muscle

A

does not fatigue (due to lots of mitochondria)

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10
Q

fatigue in smooth muscle

A

slow (does not tire easily)

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11
Q

function of skeletal muscle

A

contraction shortens muscle for a reflex (involuntary response)

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12
Q

function of cardiac muscle

A

contracts to decrease volume in heart to pump blood into ventricles or out of heart via arteries

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13
Q

function of smooth muscle

A

intestine walls - peristalsis
OR regulated blood pressure eg. exercise and temp regulation

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14
Q

what are myofibrils surrounded by?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum which stores and secretes calcium

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15
Q

function of t-tubules?

A

infoldings of sarcolemma which allow action potentials to spread electrical impulses across sarcoplasm

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16
Q

if you took a cross section of A band, what would you see?

A

action and myosin overlap

17
Q

if you took a cross section of H zone, what would you see?

A

myosin only

18
Q

if you took a cross section of I band, what would you see?

A

actin only

18
Q

what does calcium bind to?

A

troponin

19
Q

what does the binding of calcium to troponin cause?

A

troponin changes shape and causes tropomyosin to move away from myosin binding site = myosin head can now bind

20
Q

how is there conformational change in muscle contraction?

A

tilts from 90 degrees to 45 degrees which forces actin to move in relation to the myosin. ADP and Pi are released

21
Q

what is the condition causing the stiffening of muscles when ATP runs out?

A

rigor mortis (filaments become locked in position)

22
Q

myosin hydrolyses…

A

ATP into ADP and Pi, creating energy to release myosin head away from actin returning to original 90 degree position.

23
Q

how is the muscle shorten in simple terms

A

when the heads bend actin and myosin filaments move past each other so muscle shortens.

24
Q

the motor end plate is said to be a ___________ ___________ region.

A

highly excitable

25
Q

what is a motor end plate?

A

specialised form of synapse that forms between motor neurone and muscle fibre

26
Q

what is the function of phosphocreatine?

A

phosphorylates ADP to ATP, this reaction maintains the muscle supply of ATP during vigorous exercise.

27
Q

ATP running fast vs slow

A

less ATP vs more ATP

28
Q

contraction time running fast vs slow

A

short burst of contraction vs longer contraction time

29
Q

respiration in running fast vs slow

A

anaerobic vs aerobic

30
Q

blood supply in running fast vs slow

A

poor blood supply vs good blood supply

31
Q

myoglobin concentration is running fast vs slow

A

less myoglobin vs more myoglobin

32
Q

resistance to lactic acid in fast running vs slow

A

high resistance vs low resistance

33
Q

levels of mitochondria in fast running vs slow

A

low numbers of mitochondria vs high numbers of mitochondria

module 5 biology (10 decks)

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