Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CNS Microbiology > Muscle Tone Till Meningitis > Flashcards

Muscle Tone Till Meningitis Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Toxin of tetanus is.,..

A

Tetanospasmin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tetanospasmin is transported by……, it has …..antigenic type(s)

A

Retrograde axonal transport
One

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

C/P of tetanus

A

Strong muscle spasms & trismus
Risus sardonicus; exaggerated reflexes
Respiratory failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe cultivation of C.tetanus

A

Robertson cooked meat medium, by subculture on blood agar incubated anaerobically for 2-3 days at 37degC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mention Abx of tetanus

A

Metronidazole or penicillin G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mention measures taken when wound is grossly contaminated

A

Tetanus IG & toxoid booster as well as penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Botulinum toxin blocks release of……., encoded by……, the immunogenic types which cause human illness is……

A

Ach
Lysogenic phage
A,B & E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

C/P of botulism

A

Descending paralysis
No fever
Two special clinical forms of botulism: wound botulism (spores contaminate wounds), infant botulism (organism frow in gut following ingestion of honey & form toxin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe cultivation & biochemical testing for C.botulinum

A

C, robertson cooked meat medium followed by subculture on blood agar plate incubated anaerobically at 37C for 48hrs
B, ferments glucose & maltose, proteolytic strains cause blackening of robertson cooked meat medium, gelatin liquefaction and H2S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe prevention of botulism

A

Rroper canning techniques & cooking of home-canned foods
Swollen cans must be discarded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Enumerate routes of transmission of CNS infections

A

Hematogenous, arterial or retrograde venous
Direct implantation due to trauma or lumbar puncture
Local extension can occur with infections of skull or spine
Peripheral nerves also may serve as paths of entry for a few pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Classify infectious meningitis

A

Acute due to pyogenic bacteria or virus
Subacute due to M,tuberculosis or fungus
Chronic as complication of both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe pathophysiology of meningitis

A

Hematogenous spread from upper respiratory mucosa then reach meninges with invasion, irritation, inflammatory response & edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mention CI of lumbar puncture

A

Signs of inc intracranial tension to avoid brain stem herniation
A mass lesion in CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Compare bacterial, viral & fungal meningitis with respect, protein, glucose, cell infiltration & pressure

A

B, very high, very low, PMNLs, inc
V, high or N, N, lymphocytes, N
F, high, low, lyphocytes, high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Most common pathogens of neonatal meningitis are……..

A

E. coli K1, S.agalactiae, Listeria monocytogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Most cases of neisseia meningitis are cause by…….serotypes, the leading cause is…..

A

A, B, C, Y & W-135
Serotype A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mention virulence factors of N.meningitidis

A

Polysaccharide capsule, anti-phagocytic & anti-complementary
IgA protease
Pili
Lipopolysaccharide causes fulminant meningococcemia & septic shock
Factor H bidning protein: inhibit c3b & evade immune response (used in vaccine against B serotype)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe MOT of N,meningitidis

A

Respiratory droplets of cases & carriers
Colonize nasopharynx of 5-10% of pop, rises to 35% in close quarters, rates may reach 20-90%
Carriers are ususally asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

C/P of N. meningitis & prognosis

A

Fever, sore throat, severe headache, photophobia, projectile vomiting, nuchal rigidity, coma & death
Fulminant meningococcemia with DIC, circulatory collapse, potentially fatal shock may occur without meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe culture of Neisseria meningitidis

A

Thayer-Martin or blood agar (5-10% CO2), for 24 hrs at 37C.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Specimen for diagnosis of Neisseria carrier

A

Nasopharyngeal swab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mention differences between commensal & pathogenic Neisseria

A

C:
Can grow on ordinary media, does not require CO2 enrichment, can grow at room temp, sugar utilization is variable, cannot agglutinate with group-specific antisera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Neisseria ferments …….

A

Glucose & mannitol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Mention chemoprophyalxis of Neisseria

A

Rifampicin (eradicate carriers excreted in saliva)
Ciprofloxacin (adolescents, single dose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Conjugate N vaccine contains…..serotypes +……

A

A,C,D, W135
Tetanus or modified diphtheria toxoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

S.pneumoniae has……capsule

A

Polysaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Mention virulence factors of S.pneumoniae

A

Capsule, IgA protease, autolysin, pneumolysin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

S.pneumoniae appearnce in culture is…..

A

Draughtsman

30
Q

Describe prevention of S.pneumoniae

A

13-valent vaccine for immunocompromised, children under 5, asplenia
23-valent vaccine for immunocompetenet over 60, adults with chronic medical conditions

31
Q

Enumerate virulence factor of H.influenzae

A

Polysaccharide capsule (polyribosylribitol phosphate), lipopolysaccharide, IgA protease, pilli

32
Q

H.influenzae requires…….

A

Factor V & X

33
Q

Describe pathogenesis & clinical disease of S.agalactiae meningitis

A

Intermittent commensal in vagina of some females, can cause neonatal sepsis & meningitis, main predisposing factor is prolonged rupture of membranes (more than 18 hrs)

34
Q

The virulence factor of S.agalactiae is…..

A

Polysaccharide capsule

35
Q

Decsribe prevention of H.inf

A

PRP ploysaccharide from Hib capsule, is conjugated to carrier protein, prevents invasive Hib & reduces naso-pharyngeal carriage for infants between 2 to 15 months

36
Q

Describe identification criteria of S.agalactia

A

B-hemolytic, hippurate hydrolysis, +ve CAMP test

37
Q

Mention preventative measure for neonatal sepsis

A
  1. Screening for all pregnant women at 35 to 37 weeks’ gestation by doing vaginal & renal cultures & giving penicillin G to +ve during labour.
  2. Penicillin G should be given in the folllowing cases:
    Prolonged rupture of membranes, preterm labour before 37 weeks, fever, prev history of infant with invasive GBS, GBS bacterurua during pregnancy
38
Q

Describe motility of listeria

A

Tumbling motility at 22C but not at 37C

39
Q

MOT of liseria

A

Food-borne disease from unpasteurized milk, undercooked meet, raw veg. Tranmitted to fetus during preg or labour. Contact with domestic or farm animals & their feces

40
Q

Listeria evades intracellular destruction by…..

A

Listeriolysin-O

41
Q

Immunity againts listeria is mainly….

A

Cell-mediated

42
Q

Early onset neonatal listeriosis results in……, while late onset results in…..

A

Granulmatosus infatiseptica, granulomas in multiple organs, abortion/intra-uterine death
Meningitis/meningo-encephalitis within 2 to 3 weeks

43
Q

MOT & virulence factor of Cryptococcus

A

Transmitted by inhalation of dust contaminated with bird droppings esp pigeons
Produce melanin which inhibit phagocytic killing mechanisms

44
Q

Describe culture of Cryptococcus

A

Sabouraud dextrose agar 37C for 3 days, whitish highly mucoid colonies

45
Q

The highly sensitive & specific test for Cryptococcus is…..

A

Capsualr antigen detection by latex particle agglutination in CSF & blood in AIDS patient

46
Q

Morphology of aspergillus fumigatus

A

Brancging septate hyphae & produces numerous spores on tips of long conidophores

47
Q

C/P of Aspergillus meningitis

A

Brain abscess, cerebritis, meningitis, mycotic aneurysm formation, typical subarachnoid hemorrhage syndrome

48
Q

Most important risk factors for brain aspergillus infection are……

A

Neutropenia & corticosteroid use

49
Q

Most important virulence factor of aspergillus

A

Mycotoxin production which can damage & kill microglia, astrocytes & neurons. These inhibit phagocytosis & inc conidial resistance to opsonization

50
Q

As regards Aspergillus, Fluorescence microscopy stain is….., antigen detected is…..& antifungal is…..

A

Calcofluor
Galactomanan
Voriconazole

51
Q

Most common clinical form of Mucor is……, predisposing factors are……

A

Rhinocerebral mucormycosis
Metabolic acidosis, ketoacidosis, hematological malignancies

52
Q

First line treatment of mucor is…..

A

Amphotrecin B

53
Q

Most common cause of viral meningitis is….., which is….., transmitted by….

A

Enteroviruses (Picornavidiae)
Non-enveloped +ve sense ssRNA small, icosahedral caspid
Feco-oral route, but respiratory in Coxsackie

54
Q

Describe structure of:
1. HSV/VZV
2. Mumps

A
  1. Enveloped dsDNA viruses with icosahedral caspid
  2. Large enveloped -ve sense ssRNA spherical or pleomorphic shaped particles
55
Q

Structure of:
1. West nile
2. HIV

A

Both enveloped +ve sense ssRNA viruses
1. Icosahedral caspid
2. Cone-shaped caspid

56
Q

MOT of West nile virus

A

From birds (natural resevoir) to human by Culex

57
Q

Bacterial meningitis is more common in……

A

Children younger than 10 yrs

58
Q

Enetroviruses multiply in……

A

Oropharynx & intestinal tract

59
Q

Describe lab diagnosis of viral meningitis

A

Detection of viral nucleic acid in CSF is the most sensitive & specific method for prompt diagnosis of viral meningitis

60
Q

Polio has…..antigenic variation(s), it is transmitted by…..route

A

3
Feco-oral

61
Q

How is polio inactivated?

A

Heating to 55C for 30 min, chlorination or proper pasteurization

62
Q

Mention phases of polio

A

Alimentary phase in intestinal mucosa
Lymphatic phase in Peyer’s patch/tonsils
Viremic phase
Neurologic phase

63
Q

Mention clinical forms of polio infection

A

Asymptomatic or subclinical
Abortive polio
Non-paralytic poliomyelitis (aspectic meningitis)
Paralytic polio (AHCs affection)

64
Q

Symptoms of paralytic polio

A

Flaccid paralysis, fatal respiratory paralysis
Maximal recovery within 6 mon leaving minor residual paralysis

65
Q

Describe prevention of polio

A

Fecal contamination of food/water
Avoid operations in children with fever
Gamms globulin can protect against para.ytic disease

66
Q

Type of Sabin vaccine

A

Live attenuated magnesium chloride stabilized containing 3 polio strains grown in human/monkey diploid cell cultures. Kept at 4C for a year

67
Q

Advantages of oral polio vaccine

A
  1. Easily administered at 2,4,6 mon and booster at 4-6 yrs of age
  2. Effective
  3. No needed for repeated booster
  4. Lifelong immunity
  5. Produce IgA as well as IgG and IgM
  6. Shed in stools of immunized children, thus helps development of herd immunity
68
Q

Disadvantages of oral polio vaccine

A
  1. Can mutate to more virulent strain
  2. Unsafe in immunodeficient
  3. Not given in feverish children (active enterovirus infection)
  4. Must be kept refrigerated to avoid heat inactivation
69
Q

Mention advantages and disadvatages of Salk vaccine

A

A, cannot underg genetic virulence, safe administration in immunocompromised
D, expensive, doesn’t produce local immunity IgA, parenteral administration, need for booster vaccine for lifelong immunity only, confers immunity after 4 boosters

70
Q

Mention drugs causing DIAM

A

NSAID, IVIG, TMP/SMX

71
Q

Besides Abx therapy of meningitis conisists of……

A

Anti-inflmmatory (dexamethsone), ICP lowering agent (mannitol), anticonvulsant drug (diazepam if seizures occur)

CNS Microbiology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions