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OCTA2634 > Muscle Tone > Flashcards

Muscle Tone Flashcards

1
Q

Normal postural tone

A

Continuous state of mild contraction or a state of preparedness in the muscle

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2
Q

Normal postural tone characterised by

A
  1. Effective stabilisation at axial and proximal joints
  2. Ability to move against gravity and resistance
  3. Ability to maintain limb in position
  4. Balanced tone between balanced and antagonistic muscles
  5. Easily shifting between stability to mobility and reverse
  6. Allows postural adjustment to movement
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3
Q

Muscle Tone

A

Degree of tension (contraction) in a skeletal muscle

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4
Q

3 factors determining muscle tone

A
  1. Elastic properties of connective tissue
  2. Visco-elastic properties of muscle fibers
  3. Motor unit activity
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5
Q

Assessment of muscle tone influenced by

A
  1. Speed
  2. Effort
  3. Emotional stress
  4. Temperature
  5. Fatigue
  6. Position of head
  7. Sensory stimulation
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6
Q

What can be observed in Ataxia?

A
  1. Decomposition of movement
  2. Dysmetry
  3. Disdiakokinesia
  4. Intension tremor
  5. Nystagmus
  6. Heel-knee-shin test
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7
Q

Causes of fluctuating muscle tone

A
  1. Extra-pyramidal damage
  2. Damage to spinal cord level and reflex arch
  3. Chronic muscle atrophy
  4. Psychogenic causes
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8
Q

Extra-pyramidal damage

A
  1. Tremors
  2. Pill-rolling tremor
  3. Senile tremor
  4. Intention tremor
  5. Athetosis
  6. Myoclonus
  7. Ballismus
  8. Dystonia
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9
Q

Abnormal muscle tone 1

A

Hyper-tonia

  • Increased resistance to passive stretch and movement
  • Hyperactive reflexes
  • Changes in mechanical structures

Types :

  1. Spasticity
  2. Rigidity
  3. Dystonia
  4. Clonus
  5. Spasms
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10
Q

Abnormal muscle tone 2

A 
Hypo-tonia
Associated with:
1. Weakness
2. Atrophy
3. Absent/ decreased reflex responses

Types :

  1. Flaccidity
  2. Hypotony
  3. Ataxia
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11
Q

Causes of abnormal muscle tone

A

Hyper-tonia

  1. Secondary to CNS pathology (stroke, trauma)
  2. Changes in ascending tracts inhibiting motor neurons

Hypo-tonia

  1. Cerebellum pathology
  2. Abnormality in lower motor neuron
  3. Neuromuscular junction pathology
  4. Muscle pathology
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12
Q

Lower motor neuron lesions

A
  1. Weakness(paresis)
  2. Waisting(atrophy)
  3. Flaccidity
  4. Low muscle tone
  5. Suppressed or absent reflexes
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13
Q

Upper motor neuron lesions

A
  1. Spasticity
  2. Overactive stretch reflex
  3. Hyperactivity of motor neurons (clonus)
  4. Weakness of specific movement
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14
Q

Upper motor neuron neural control

A
  1. Motor cortex
  2. Descending motor tracts
  3. Anterior horn of spinal cord grey matter
  4. Additional brain areas
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15
Q

Lower motor neuron neural control

A

Motor unti:

  1. Motor neurons
  2. Motor nerve fibers
  3. Spinal nerves
  4. Muscle fibers it supplies
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OCTA2634 (11 decks)

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