Muscle Tissue and Organization Unit 7 Flashcards
What are muscle tissue composed of?
Muscle Cells (Muscle fibers) that exhibit specific character
Excitability in a muscle respond to?
Electrical Stimuli
Contractility in a muscle creates?
Contraction to move bones or propel materials inside the body
Elasticity mean the muscles cell will?
Recoil to its resting length when applied tension is removed.
Extensibility in a muscles cell is capable of what?
Extending in length in response to the contraction of opposing muscle cells
Whats an example of Extensibility?
The triceps brachia muscle on the back of your arm extends when the biceps brachia muscle on the front of your arm contracts.
A single muscle may be composed of ____ of cells, and each cells length is what?
1000
The length of the cell is as long as the muscle itself.
The small skeletal muscle cell in a muscle that moves the tow may have the length of ___ _________ and a diameter of about __ _______?
100 Micrometers
10 Micrometers
The big skeletal muscles in the anterior side of the arm may extend up to __ _________ and have a diameter of about ___ _________
35 Centimeters
100 Micrometers
(About the same thickness of a human hair)
Why are skeletal muscle cells are often refereed to Muscle Fibers?
Because of their potentially extraordinary length.
What is hypertrophy?
The increase in muscle fiber size , which often follows regular exercise.
The body moves by pulling on bones and using them as what?
Levers
How does one maintain posture?
By contracting specific muscle to stabilize joints so that body can be upright
When is the Muscular of the bones and joints lost?
When your asleep.
When does the temporomandibular joint Depress?
When your upright sleeping
What part of your body part takes of Temperature Regulation
Skeletal Muscles
How do Skeletal Muscles maintain temperature regulation?
By converting chemical energy (from food) to physical energy when you RUN or SHIVER.
What are circular muscle called?
Sphincters
The contraction of an opening sphincter is known as?
Orifices
Where are the sphincters located?
Gastrointestinal and urinary tracts.
What are the jobs of an open and closed sphincter?
Closed: Store the material within an organ
Opened: To facilitate movement of material
What are the first sphincters along the gastrointestinal tract ?
Lips
What are the 5 functions of the Skeletal Muscle?
1) Body Movement 2)Maintenances of posture 3)Temperature Regulations 4)Storage and Movement 5) Support
How does the Skeletal Muscle tissue support the body?
By stabilizing the wall and helping to prevent displacement of internal structures
What happens at the end of a muscle attachment?
The connective tissues Maura merge to fo m a fibrous cordlike “Tendon”, which typically attaches to the bone
A thin flattened sheet formed by a tendon is called what?
Aponeurosis (Greek for sinew)
At least how many movable joints are crossed between bones and skeletal muscles?
1
Upon contraction of a muscle one of the bones usually _______ and the other bone usually ________
Moves
Fixed
What an the less movable movement of a muscle called ?
Origin
In limbs, she is does the origin typically lie?
Proximal to the insertion
The more movable attachment of a muscles is called the ?
Insertion
Where does insertion typically lay?
Distal to its origin
An extensive network of blood vessels and nerve fibers extend through what ?
Epimysium and Perimysium
What delivers nutrients and oxygen to the muscle fibers ?
Blood vessels
What is needed for production of ATP?
Nutrients and oxygens delivered to muscle fibers by blood vessels
True or False: Skeletal Muscles are part of the somatic nervous system.
True: meaning we can voluntarily move our muscles.
Motor neurons are what type of neurons?
Efferent
What does efferent mean?
Travels away from the center of activity towards the PNS
How do muscle fibers experience atrophy?
If they are not periodically stimulated
The axon travels through both the ____________ and _________ to enter the ___________ .
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
Where does a motor neuron’s axon send a nerve impulse to an individual nerve fiber?
Endomysium
Sensory neurons send impulses to what ? And what are the neurons directions called?
Brain and spinal cord (to inform about muscle activity)
Afferent Neurons
Fascicles also know as ________ lie in which direction upon each other?
Fiber Tissues
Parellel
How many patterns do fascicles have?
4
What type of fascicles have fibers that concentrically are arranged around an opening or recess?
Circular Muscles
What is an example of a Circular Muscle?
Sphincter (Orbicularis iris), because the contraction muscle closes off an opening.
What do the fascicles of Parallel muscles have?
The fascicles run parallel to its long axis and contain a central body known as a belly.
What happens to the Belly of the Parallel fascicles when a muscle contracts?
The muscle fiber increases in diameter.
What are some examples of muscles that cause the fascicles of the parallel muscle to contract?
Bicep Brachii contraction, and Rectus Abdominis (six pack)
What type of fascicles have widespread muscle fibers that converge on a common attachment site?
Convergent Muscles
What do convergent muscles look like?
They are often rectangular shaped, and resemble a broad fan with a tendon at the tip.
What muscle fiber usually has a tendon on the tip of it?
Convergent muscle.
What is an example of a convergent muscle?
Pectoralis Major: (Inserts onto the proximal end of the humor)
What does a Pennate muscle look like and why is it named so?
They have one or more tendons extending through their body, and the fascicles are arranged in an oblique angle to the tendon.
The are names do because their tendons and muscle fibers remember that of a feather.
In a Pennate muscle, what terms describe the muscle being on the Same Side and on Both Sides?
Same side: Unipennate
Both sides: Bipennate
What is more common, Unipennate or Bipennate?
Bipennate (Pennate Fascicles)
In the Pennate muscle fibers, if the tendon branches within the muscle it is called what?
Multipennate Muscle
What is an example of a Multipennate Muscle?
Deltoid muscle ( covers the superior surface of the shoulder joint)
What is Biomechanics ?
The practice of applying mechanical principles to biology
What is the deffiniton of a lever in terms of Biomechanics?
An elongated rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum (Think See-Saw)
In a lever, the part of the fulcrum to the point of effort is called what?
The effort arm. (The light part of the seesaw: in the air)
What part is the resistance arm in a lever?
The part of the fulcrum to the point of resistant (The heavy part of the seesaw: on the ground)
What type of bones act as a lever in your body?
Long bones
Long bones act as the _________, the joint serves as the ________, and the effort is generated by what?
Resistance,
Fulcrum,
The muscle attached to the bone.
True or False:
When thinking of the muscle as generating effort, we realize that therefor is where the body of the muscle is located.
False:
Where the muscle attaches to the bone!
How many kind of levers are there?
3
What is the arrangement of the three kind of levers?
First Class (#1) Fulcrum in the middle
Second class (#2) Resistance is in the middle
Third Class (#3) Effort is in the middle
Use:
FRE 123
What kind of levers have the Fulcrum in between Effort and Resistance?
First Class (similar to seesaw)
What is an example of a First Class lever?
Atlanto-occiptial bone joint of the neck.
In the atlanto-occipitle joint, what action does it do?
Posterior side of the neck pull inferiorly on the nuchal line of the occipital bone, and Oppose the tendency fo the head tipping anteriorly ?
What is another example of pulling for the First Class lever?
Triceps brachii muscle on the olecranon process to extend the elbow.
What are the lengths of the effort arm and resistance in the instant of the Triceps brachia pulling?
The effort arm is very short, and the resistance arm is very long.
Where are the R, E, and F in the Second Class Lever?
Resistance is between the Fulcrum and the Effort( think handles of a wheelbarrow)
What is an example fo the Second Class Lever?
Contraction of the calf muscle to elevate the body onto the ball of the foot (distal ends of metatarsals) .
In the contraction of the Calf muscle, what makes the body parts create the action?
Body Weight (R) is between the Fulcrum which is created by the distal ends of the metatarsals and the Effort created by the calf muscles pulling the heel.
Where are the position of E,F and R in Third Class levers ?
E is between the R and F (Think of a draw bridge)
True or False: The Third class lever is the most common type of lever system in the body?
True
What is an example of a Third Class lever?
flexion of the elbow and elevation of the mandible to bite off a piece of food.
Do Skeletal muscles work in isolation?
No, they work together to produce movement.
How are muscles grouped by?
According to their primary actions
What are the three muscles groups?
Agonist, antagonist, and Synergist
A prime mover or _________ muscle contract to produce a particular movement, what is an example of this movement?
Agonist,
Triceps brachii muscle causing extension of the forearm.
What type of muscles action opposes those of the agonist, such as the bicep brachia muscle causing flexion of the forearm?
Antagonist Muscle
What muscle enables us to control the speed of the agonist to allow smooth movement?
The opposing muscle movement: Antagonist
What does a Synergist muscle do?
Assist the primer mover (agonist) in performing its action
What as an example of a Synergist muscle?
Tres Major muscle assisting the latissimus doors in move the arm.
At what age does a slow progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass being? (As a direct result of increasing inactivity)
30s
As Skeletal muscle mass being to decrease so do the ___ and _____ of all muscle tissue also decrease.
Size,
Power
What is muscle mass usually replaced by? (2)
Adipose tissue (fat) or fibrous connective tissue.
What filaments within muscle cells cause the muscle cells (muscle fibers) to diminish in size (atrophy) ?
Contractile Filaments
Aging affects muscular systems in which way?
1) Overall, muscle strength and endurance are impaired (easy fatigue)
2) Decrease cardiovascular performance often accompanies again, thus leading to poorer delivery of oxygen and nutrients to muscle cells.
True or False:
Tolerance for exercise increases with aging and rapid endurance occurs?
False:
Tolerance for exercise decreases with again and rapid fatigue occurs
With aging, how does muscle tissue act in recovery?
It has reduced capacity to recover from disease or injury with age.
What is the term for elasticity of muscle decreasing causing and increase in amount of dense regular connective tissue?
Fibrosis
What helps with deteriorating muscles ?
Delation can be regulated by moderate exercise, couple with good nutrient.
