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VETA 65 Midterm Exam Coverage > MUSCLE TISSUE AND MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM > Flashcards

MUSCLE TISSUE AND MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

3 Types of muscle tissue

A

 Skeletal
 Smooth
 Cardiac

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2
Q

Similarities among 3 types(3)

A

 Mesoderm-derived
 Possess numerous mitochondria to accommodate their high energy requirements
 All contain contractile elements known as myofilaments

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3
Q

SINGLE-CELL CONTRACTILE UNITS (3)

A

Myoepithelial cell
Pericyte
Myofibroblast

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4
Q

 Important component of secretory glands

A

Myoepithelial cell

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5
Q

 Smooth muscle-like cell that surrounds blood vessels

A

Pericyte

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6
Q

Has a contractile role; secretes collagen; predominant during repair

A

myofibroblast

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7
Q

Striation and function of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles

A

skeletal: striated, voluntary
smooth: non-striated, involuntary
cardiac: striated, involuntary

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8
Q

Long, unbranched, cylindrical with blunt ends and cross-striations
Multinucleated cells
= Large and peripherally located
Contraction: quick, forceful, and under voluntary control

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE

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9
Q

cylindrical → middle and terminal parts have the same size

A

LS of skeletal

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10
Q

polygonal in outline with dark blue or ovoid nuclei at the periphery

A

CS of Skeletal

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11
Q

ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (7)

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
Muscle cells
Myofibrils
Myofilaments
SARCOMERE

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12
Q

 External sheath of irregular DWFCT
 Surrounds the entire muscle

A

Epimysium

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13
Q

 Thin CT layer
 Immediately surrounds each bundle of muscle fibers (fascicle)

A

Perimysium

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14
Q

 Thin layer of reticular CT and scattered fibroblasts
 Surrounds individual muscle fibers

A

Endomysium

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15
Q

aka muscle fibers, myofibers, myocytes
 _______(2)= muscle cell membrane
 _______(3) = cytoplasm
 ______(4) = endoplasmic reticulum

A

Muscle cells
Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm
Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

Chain of sarcomeres

A

Myofibrils

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17
Q

Region between two Z-lines
Regular light and dark bands are visible
 These stripes crossing each fiber = cross striations

A

SARCOMERE

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18
Q

A band (dark band): thick filaments; ___ (2) is the predominant component; may overlap
with actin filaments
 _____(3): bisects A band; zone of myosin filaments only
 ____(4): middle of H zone; point of interconnection of thick myofilaments; does not contain actin
_____(5) (____(6) band): thin filaments; actin is the predominant component
____(7): zone of apposition of actin filaments belonging to two neighboring _______(1)

A

SARCOMERE
myosin
H zone:
 M line:
I band (light band)
Z line

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19
Q

Capable of slow yet sustained contraction (little ATP usage)
Individual smooth muscle fibers contain contractile actin and myosin filaments
crisscross the sarcoplasm obliquely

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE

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20
Q

Spindle shaped with tapered ends and centrally located nucleus

A

LS Smooth muslce

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21
Q

Size are variable due to tapered shape of cells

A

CS smooth muscle

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22
Q

Found in walls of tubular organs
and blood vessels

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE

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23
Q

Tubular organs of smooth mm (2)

A

Tunica mucosa
 Muscularis mucosae

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24
Q

Tunica muscularis of smooth mm (2)

A

 Inner circular
 Outer longitudinal

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25
Q
  1. Ordinary cardiac muscle cell
A

myocardium of the heart

26
Q

Long, branched with many centrally located oval nuclei, cross striations and perinuclear halo

A

LS of cardiac mm

27
Q

Polygonal with centrally located nuclei

A

CS of cardiac mm

28
Q

Similar to skeletal except:
a. Highly vascular (in between)
b. LS: anastomosing network of long branching cardiac cells
 in between branches are loose connective tissue
c. Tissue is crossed regularly by _____(2)
represents points of end-end contact between contiguous muscle fiber

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE
intercalated disks

29
Q

Special cardiac muscle cell (1)

A

Purkinje Fiber

30
Q

 Impulse conducting cell within the heart
 Pale-staining, larger, and wider than ordinary w/ peripheral disposition of myofibrils
 Mingle distally with contractile muscle fibers of each ventricle and trigger waves of contraction through both ventricles simultaneously

A

Purkinje Fiber)

31
Q

Where is Purkinje Fiber found in the cardiac mm

A

inner ventricular wall beneath the endocardium

32
Q
  1. Produce myoblasts that can replace damaged fibers
  2. Undergo self-renewal to replenish their pool
A

Satellite cells

33
Q

Response to increased load of skeletal mm and cardiac mm

A

Hypertrophy

34
Q

Response to increased load of Smooth mm

A

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia

35
Q

Capacity for regeneration of skeletal mm

A

Limited
Mainly involves satellite
cells

36
Q

Capacity for regeneration of Smooth

A

Good
Involves mitotic activity of
muscle cells

37
Q

Capacity for regeneration of Cardiac

A

Very poor

38
Q

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM structure (5)

A

TENDON
JOINTS
DIARTHROSIS
SYNOVIAL FLUID
LIGAMENTS

39
Q

Attaches muscle organ to the bone
 Tremendous tensile strength
Composed of:
 Few cells called ____(2)
 Regular DWFCT
Collagenous fibers of a tendon extend into the bone as _____(3)

A

TENDON
tenocytes
Sharpey’s fibers

40
Q

Tendon sheath

A

epitendineum

41
Q

epitendineum parts (2)

A

 Parietal (outer)
 Visceral (inner)

42
Q

surrounds bundles of fibers (fascicles); continuous with epitendineum

A

Peritendineum

43
Q

surrounds individual collagen fibers

A

Endotendineum

44
Q

gap between the opposing edges of the synovial sheath where
blood vessels supplying the tendon pass through

A

Mesotendineum

45
Q

Regions where adjacent bones are capped and held together firmly by other connective tissues

A

JOINTS

46
Q

HISTOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS (3)

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

47
Q

 ____(2) – held together by
collagenous or elastic dense connective
tissue
Examples:
 Fibrous articulation between the radius and
ulna
 Sutures of the skull

A

Fibrous
Syndesmosis

48
Q

 ___(2) – connected by cartilage
 Physis
 ____(3) – thick pad of fibrocartilage
between the thin articular cartilage covering the ends of the bones
 Intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis

A

Cartilaginous
Synchondrosis
Symphysis

49
Q

 Diarthrosis
 Characterized by:
 presence of articular cartilage on the opposing bony surfaces
 a lubricating synovial fluid within the closed joint cavity
 joint capsule enclosing the entire joint
 Elbow, knee

A

Synovial

50
Q

Joint capsule

A

DIARTHROSIS

51
Q

Outer fibrous layer of DIARTHROSIS

A

 Irregular DWFCT

52
Q

Covered by 1-2 layers of synovial cells overlying the CT
 Type A cells: _______(2)
 Type B cells: ____(3)

A

 Inner synovial membrane of DIARTHROSIS
macrophage-like synovial cells
Fibroblastic synovial cells

53
Q

Combined product of the synovial cells and ultra-filtrate of capillaries

A

SYNOVIAL FLUID

54
Q

Components of synovial fluid (3)

A

 Hyaluronic acid
 Glycoproteins
Leukocytes

55
Q

 Contain a lower percentage of ground substance than tendons
 Collagen fibers are organized more randomly

A

Collagenous ligaments

56
Q

Predominated by large elastic fibers that branch and interconnect
 Fibers are surrounded by loose connective tissue
Ligamentum nuchae, ligamenta flava

A

Elastic ligaments:

57
Q

NERVOUS STRUCTURES IN MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM (2)

A

Motor unit:
Neuromuscular junction
(motor endplate)

58
Q

Nerve fiber + associated
skeletal muscle fiber

A

Motor unit:

59
Q

 Point of junction between
the nerve terminal and
the muscle fiber
 Site where the impulse
from the axon is
transmitted to the
skeletal muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular junction
(motor endplate)

60
Q

where are axon terminals found?
these are depression of the muscle fiber formed by deep infoldings of the sacrolemma

A

primary synaptic cleft

61
Q

these receptors are found at the crest bottom of the junctional folds or 2ndary synaptic clefts

A

acetylcholine

62
Q

a basal lamina associated with he sarcolemma contains _______

A

acetylcholinesterase

VETA 65 Midterm Exam Coverage (2 decks)

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