Cytology Chap 1 Flashcards
1
Q
The study of cell function, origin,
structure, formation and pathology.
A
Cytology
2
Q
- Structural units of all living
organisms - Capable of independent
existence
A
Cell
3
Q
Levels of Organization
A
cell > tissue > organ > organ system > organism
4
Q
- Complex mixture of
chemicals - Colloidal form
- Cytoplasm + Nucleus
A
Protoplasm
5
Q
What are the 4 compositions of protoplasm
A
- Water
- Salts
- Ions
- Biochemical substances
6
Q
Give 5 characteristics of Prokaryote
A
- Unicellular
- All encased by a cell wall
- Lack a nuclear envelope
- No histones
- Usually no membranous organelles
7
Q
Give 5 characteristics of eukaryote
A
- Multicellular
- Larger
- Distinct nucleus surrounded by
a nuclear envelope - Histones
- Numerous membrane-limited
organelles in the cytoplasm
8
Q
What are the 9 properties of a cell
A
- Metabolism
- Secretion
- Excretion
- Endocytosis
- Exocytosis
- Irritability
- Conductivity
- Contractility
- Growth and reproduction
9
Q
(1) sum of all chemical reactions within the cell
(2) results in synthesis of substances
(3) degradation of substances with release of energy
A
- Metabolism
- Anabolism
- Catabolism
10
Q
Produce new products from absorbed substances and releases this
through their cell membrane
A
Secretion
11
Q
Ability to get rid of waste products of metabolism
A
Excretion
12
Q
Entry of substance by invagination of cell membrane (includes
pinocytosis and phagocytosis)
A
Endocytosis
13
Q
Discharge of particles from the cell
A
Exocytosis
14
Q
Ability to respond to stimuli
A
Irritability
15
Q
Transmit electric current along their cell
membranes
A
Conductivity
16
Q
Ability to shorten along their long axis
A
Contractility
17
Q
Increase in number
A
Growth and reproduction
18
Q
General Morphologic Characteristic of Cells
(3)
A
- Cell Shape
- Cell Size
- Cellular Structure
19
Q
Morphologic characteristics of cell:
* Variation in form
* Coincident with their adaptation to perform a diversity of specific function
A
Cell Shape
20
Q
- Varies among species of animals (inter-specific)
- Varies within the body of the organism (intra-specific)
- Not related to the size of the animal
A
Cell Size
21
Q
- Well-defined organized position
within the cell
A
Cellular Structure
22
Q
Structural Organization of the Cell (4)
A
- Cell / Plasma membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Cytoplasmic Organelles
- Nucleus
23
Q
- phospholipid bilayer structure
- encloses the cell and its contents
- separates one cell from another
A
Plasma membrane
24
Q
Components:
Lipid
* 50% of mass of cell membrane
* major types : phospholipid, cholesterol, glycolipids
Protein
* Peripheral
* Integral
* Transmembrane
Carbohydrates
A
Plasma membrane
25
Function:
* Contain and protect contents
* selective barrier that regulates the passage of certain materials into and out of the cell
* Facilitates the transport of specific molecules
* Specific receptor sites for special functions
e.g. hormone -triggered reactions,
endocytosis, phagocytosis, Ag recognition,
Ab production
Plasma membrane
26
* Amorphous ground substance of the
cell
* Surrounds the nucleus and suspends
the organelles
Cytoplasm
27
Composition of cytoplasm (5)
Composition:
Water
Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Organic and inorganic salts
28
(2) regions of cytoplasm
* Ectoplasm
* Cytosol
29
* clear peripheral portion
* more viscous
Ectoplasm
30
* liquid medium of the cytoplasm
* w/o the organelles and non-membranous insoluble components
Cytosol
31
Function:
* catalyzes cellular reactions
* serves as matrix for the organelles
Cytoplasm
32
Cytoplasmic organelles (7)
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
RIBOSOMES
GOLGI APPARATUS
LYSOSOMES
MITOCHONDRIA
33
* Anastomosing network of intercommunicating channels and sacs formed by a continuous membrane (1)
* Encloses a space called a _____ (2)
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Cisternae
34
* Ribosomes causes its rough appearance
* Confers basophilic staining
* Specialize in the synthesis of proteins
* Saclike, parallel stacks of flattened cisternae
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
35
Function:
* Synthesis of proteins for export
* Initial glycosylation of glycoproteins, phospholipid synthesis
* The assembly of multichain proteins
* Posttranslational modifications of newly formed polypeptides
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
36
* (-) Ribosomes > smooth
* Cisternae are more tubular
* Continuous with RER
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
37
Function:
* Lipid and steroid synthesis
* Detoxification
* Glycogen metabolism
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
38
Specialized form of SER (1)
* Contraction process in muscle cells
* Sequestration and release of the ____ (2)
- sarcoplasmic reticulum
- calcium ion
39
* Synthesized in the nucleus or mitochondria
* Free or bound to the ER
* Composed of four types of rRNA and almost 80 different proteins
* Individual ribosomes held together by mRNA strand > polyribosomes (polysomes)
RIBOSOMES
40
Ribosomes are consists of two different-sized subunits
- small
- large
41
this ribosome
* Binding site for mRNA
* Decodes the genetic message
Small ribosome
42
this ribosome
* Binding site for tRNA
* Catalyzes peptide bond formation
Large ribosome
43
* Composed of smooth membrane-limited
cisternae (1)
* _____ (2) (forming) face
- Convex
- Associated with RER transport vesicles for
further processing
* _____ (3) (maturing) face
- Concave
- Large Golgi vacuoles accumulate
= sometimes called _____ (4)
= Generate secretory vesicles
GOLGI APPARATUS
Cis
Trans
condensing vacuoles
44
Function:
* Modification
* Packaging
* Sorting
GOLGI APPARATUS
45
* Bud off from Golgi Apparatus
* Spherical, granular, membrane-limited vesicles
* Contain a large variety of hydrolytic enzymes Function:
* Intracytoplasmic digestion
LYSOSOMES
46
Types of Lysosomes (2)
Primary lysosomes
Secondary lysosomes
47
type of lysosome that Have not entered into a digestive event
Primary lysosomes
48
Primary lysosome fused with any
membrane bound substance for
digestion
Secondary lysosomes
49
2 types of 2ndary lysosome
1. Heterolysosome
2. Autolysosome
50
type of 2ndary lysosome Fused with the membrane of phagosome (exogenous macromolecules taken from outside the cell)
Heterolysosome
51
type of 2ndary lysosome Fused with autophagosome
* Membrane from SER forms around nonfunctional organelle and other
cytoplasmic structures (endogenous
macromolecules) to be removed
Autolysosome
52
Other fate of Secondary Lysosomes
Residual body
53
* aka telolysosome
* Late forms of secondary lysosome
* Indigestible compounds retained within the vacuoles after digestion
* e.g. lipofuscin, hemosiderin granules (siderosomes)
Residual body
54
* Small, spherical to rod shaped membranebound organelle
* They are capable of replicating independently
and can synthesize some of their own proteins
MITOCHONDRIA
55
Function:
* Site of Kreb's cycle (ATP production)
* Site for oxidative phosporylation and fatty
acid oxidation
* Protein synthesis
* Calcium storage
MITOCHONDRIA
56
4 parts of mitochondria
* Outer and inner membrane
* Cristae – inner membrane folds
* Intermembrane space - compartment between the two membranes
* Matrix – compartment enclosed by inner membrane
57
Organelles that have special functions but are not involved in the metabolic processes of the cell
Less Active Organelles
58
Less Active Organelles (7)
CYTOSKELETON
MICROTUBULES
CENTRIOLES
MICROFILAMENTS (ACTIN FILAMENTS)
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
PEROXISOMES / MICROBODIES
SECRETORY VESICLES
59
A complex network of:
* Microtubules
* Microfilaments (actin filaments)
* Intermediate filaments
CYTOSKELETON
60
Function:
* Maintain shape of cells
* Play an important role in the movements of
organelles and intracytoplasmic vesicles
* Participates in the movement of entire cell
CYTOSKELETON
61
* Straight or slightly curving
slender cylindrical structures
* Composed of tubulin polymers (a protein)
MICROTUBULES
62
Function:
* Form spindle fibers during
mitosis
* Structural support
* Transport medium
* Associated with locomotion
(cilia, flagella)
MICROTUBULES
63
* Consist of nine microtubule triplets
linked together in a pinwheel-like
arrangement
* Self-replicating
* Found only in animal cells
CENTRIOLES
64
Function:
* Forms organizing centers for mitosis to
form spindle fibers
CENTRIOLES
65
* Smallest
* Form a thin sheath beneath the plasmalemma
* Associated with several cytoplasmic organelles, vesicles, and granules
* Scattered in an unorganized fashion within the cytoplasm
MICROFILAMENTS (ACTIN FILAMENTS)
66
* Believed to play a role in moving and shifting
cytoplasmic components (cytoplasmic streaming)
* Appear to be associated with membrane
activities such as endocytosis, exocytosis, and cell migratory activity
MICROFILAMENTS (ACTIN FILAMENTS)
67
* Most stable component of cytoskeleton
* Not directly involved in cell movements
* Form an elaborate network in the cytoplasm
* Composed of a variety of proteins that are
expressed in different types of cells
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
68
Function:
* Provide a scaffold for structural support
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
69
* Spherical membrane-limited organelles
* Oxidize specific organic substrates
> produces hydrogen peroxide in the process
* Contains ____ (2)
* eliminates hydrogen peroxide
* degrades several toxic molecules and drugs
* Contain enzymes involved in lipid metabolism
* Has crystalline nucleoid in some species composed of
urate oxidase
PEROXISOMES / MICROBODIES
70
* Found in cells that store a product until its release is signaled by a metabolic, hormonal, or neural message (regulated secretion)
* Secretory vesicles containing digestive enzymes are referred to as ______ (2)
SECRETORY VESICLES
zymogen granules
71
* Spheroid body within a cell
* Largest organelle
* Contains a blueprint for all cell
structures and activities
* Function: Controls all the essential
biosynthetic process within a cell
Nucleus
72
Components of Nucleus (6)
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
NUCLEAR / FIBROUS LAMINA
NUCLEAR PORES
NUCLEOPLASM
CHROMATIN
NUCLEOLUS
73
* = Karyolemma
* Parallel membranes separated by a
narrow space called the ______ (2)
* Continuous with RER at some point
* Impermeable
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
perinuclear cisterna
74
* Protein structure closely associated with the internal membrane of the
nuclear envelope
* Helps to stabilize the nuclear envelope
* Composed of three main proteins called laminas A, B, and C
NUCLEAR / FIBROUS LAMINA
75
* Gaps at sites where the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope fuse
* The pores are not open
* Octagonal pore complex made of more than 100 proteins
* Control pathways between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
* Exchange of substances only through nuclear pores
NUCLEAR PORES
76
* = Karyoplasm
* Amorphous ground substance of
the nucleus suspending the DNA
NUCLEOPLASM
77
* Chromosomes in a different degree of uncoiling
* _____(2) – basic structural
unit of chromatin
CHROMATIN
nucleosome
78
Two structurally and functionally
distinguishable territories of chromatin
1. Heterochromatin
2. Euchromatin
79
* Most prominent substructure within the
nucleus
* Not bound by a membrane
* Site of rRNA transcription and
processing, and of ribosome assembly
NUCLEOLUS
