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VETA 65 Midterm Exam Coverage > Cytology Chap 1 > Flashcards

Cytology Chap 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of cell function, origin,
structure, formation and pathology.

A

Cytology

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2
Q
  • Structural units of all living
    organisms
  • Capable of independent
    existence
A

Cell

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3
Q

Levels of Organization

A

cell > tissue > organ > organ system > organism

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4
Q
  • Complex mixture of
    chemicals
  • Colloidal form
  • Cytoplasm + Nucleus
A

Protoplasm

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5
Q

What are the 4 compositions of protoplasm

A
  1. Water
  2. Salts
  3. Ions
  4. Biochemical substances
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6
Q

Give 5 characteristics of Prokaryote

A
  • Unicellular
  • All encased by a cell wall
  • Lack a nuclear envelope
  • No histones
  • Usually no membranous organelles
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7
Q

Give 5 characteristics of eukaryote

A
  • Multicellular
  • Larger
  • Distinct nucleus surrounded by
    a nuclear envelope
  • Histones
  • Numerous membrane-limited
    organelles in the cytoplasm
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8
Q

What are the 9 properties of a cell

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Secretion
  3. Excretion
  4. Endocytosis
  5. Exocytosis
  6. Irritability
  7. Conductivity
  8. Contractility
  9. Growth and reproduction
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9
Q

(1) sum of all chemical reactions within the cell
(2) results in synthesis of substances
(3) degradation of substances with release of energy

A
  • Metabolism
  • Anabolism
  • Catabolism
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10
Q

Produce new products from absorbed substances and releases this
through their cell membrane

A

Secretion

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11
Q

Ability to get rid of waste products of metabolism

A

Excretion

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12
Q

Entry of substance by invagination of cell membrane (includes
pinocytosis and phagocytosis)

A

Endocytosis

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13
Q

Discharge of particles from the cell

A

Exocytosis

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14
Q

Ability to respond to stimuli

A

Irritability

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15
Q

Transmit electric current along their cell
membranes

A

Conductivity

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16
Q

Ability to shorten along their long axis

A

Contractility

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17
Q

Increase in number

A

Growth and reproduction

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18
Q

General Morphologic Characteristic of Cells
(3)

A
  • Cell Shape
  • Cell Size
  • Cellular Structure
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19
Q

Morphologic characteristics of cell:
* Variation in form
* Coincident with their adaptation to perform a diversity of specific function

A

Cell Shape

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20
Q
  • Varies among species of animals (inter-specific)
  • Varies within the body of the organism (intra-specific)
  • Not related to the size of the animal
A

Cell Size

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21
Q
  • Well-defined organized position
    within the cell
A

Cellular Structure

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22
Q

Structural Organization of the Cell (4)

A
  • Cell / Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cytoplasmic Organelles
  • Nucleus
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23
Q
  • phospholipid bilayer structure
  • encloses the cell and its contents
  • separates one cell from another
A

Plasma membrane

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24
Q

Components:
Lipid
* 50% of mass of cell membrane
* major types : phospholipid, cholesterol, glycolipids
Protein
* Peripheral
* Integral
* Transmembrane
Carbohydrates

A

Plasma membrane

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25
Q

Function:
* Contain and protect contents
* selective barrier that regulates the passage of certain materials into and out of the cell
* Facilitates the transport of specific molecules
* Specific receptor sites for special functions
e.g. hormone -triggered reactions,
endocytosis, phagocytosis, Ag recognition,
Ab production

A

Plasma membrane

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26
Q
  • Amorphous ground substance of the
    cell
  • Surrounds the nucleus and suspends
    the organelles
A

Cytoplasm

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27
Q

Composition of cytoplasm (5)

A

Composition:
Water
Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Organic and inorganic salts

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28
Q

(2) regions of cytoplasm

A
  • Ectoplasm
  • Cytosol
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29
Q
  • clear peripheral portion
  • more viscous
A

Ectoplasm

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30
Q
  • liquid medium of the cytoplasm
  • w/o the organelles and non-membranous insoluble components
A

Cytosol

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31
Q

Function:
* catalyzes cellular reactions
* serves as matrix for the organelles

A

Cytoplasm

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32
Q

Cytoplasmic organelles (7)

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
RIBOSOMES
GOLGI APPARATUS
LYSOSOMES
MITOCHONDRIA

33
Q
  • Anastomosing network of intercommunicating channels and sacs formed by a continuous membrane (1)
  • Encloses a space called a _____ (2)
A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Cisternae

34
Q
  • Ribosomes causes its rough appearance
  • Confers basophilic staining
  • Specialize in the synthesis of proteins
  • Saclike, parallel stacks of flattened cisternae
A

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

35
Q

Function:
* Synthesis of proteins for export
* Initial glycosylation of glycoproteins, phospholipid synthesis
* The assembly of multichain proteins
* Posttranslational modifications of newly formed polypeptides

A

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

36
Q
  • (-) Ribosomes > smooth
  • Cisternae are more tubular
  • Continuous with RER
A

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

37
Q

Function:
* Lipid and steroid synthesis
* Detoxification
* Glycogen metabolism

A

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

38
Q

Specialized form of SER (1)
* Contraction process in muscle cells
* Sequestration and release of the ____ (2)

A
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • calcium ion
39
Q
  • Synthesized in the nucleus or mitochondria
  • Free or bound to the ER
  • Composed of four types of rRNA and almost 80 different proteins
  • Individual ribosomes held together by mRNA strand > polyribosomes (polysomes)
A

RIBOSOMES

40
Q

Ribosomes are consists of two different-sized subunits

A
  • small
  • large
41
Q

this ribosome
* Binding site for mRNA
* Decodes the genetic message

A

Small ribosome

42
Q

this ribosome
* Binding site for tRNA
* Catalyzes peptide bond formation

A

Large ribosome

43
Q
  • Composed of smooth membrane-limited
    cisternae (1)
  • _____ (2) (forming) face
  • Convex
  • Associated with RER transport vesicles for
    further processing
  • _____ (3) (maturing) face
  • Concave
  • Large Golgi vacuoles accumulate
    = sometimes called _____ (4)
    = Generate secretory vesicles
A

GOLGI APPARATUS
Cis
Trans
condensing vacuoles

44
Q

Function:
* Modification
* Packaging
* Sorting

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

45
Q
  • Bud off from Golgi Apparatus
  • Spherical, granular, membrane-limited vesicles
  • Contain a large variety of hydrolytic enzymes Function:
  • Intracytoplasmic digestion
A

LYSOSOMES

46
Q

Types of Lysosomes (2)

A

Primary lysosomes
Secondary lysosomes

47
Q

type of lysosome that Have not entered into a digestive event

A

Primary lysosomes

48
Q

Primary lysosome fused with any
membrane bound substance for
digestion

A

Secondary lysosomes

49
Q

2 types of 2ndary lysosome

A
  1. Heterolysosome
  2. Autolysosome
50
Q

type of 2ndary lysosome Fused with the membrane of phagosome (exogenous macromolecules taken from outside the cell)

A

Heterolysosome

51
Q

type of 2ndary lysosome Fused with autophagosome
* Membrane from SER forms around nonfunctional organelle and other
cytoplasmic structures (endogenous
macromolecules) to be removed

A

Autolysosome

52
Q

Other fate of Secondary Lysosomes

A

Residual body

53
Q
  • aka telolysosome
  • Late forms of secondary lysosome
  • Indigestible compounds retained within the vacuoles after digestion
  • e.g. lipofuscin, hemosiderin granules (siderosomes)
A

Residual body

54
Q
  • Small, spherical to rod shaped membranebound organelle
  • They are capable of replicating independently
    and can synthesize some of their own proteins
A

MITOCHONDRIA

55
Q

Function:
* Site of Kreb’s cycle (ATP production)
* Site for oxidative phosporylation and fatty
acid oxidation
* Protein synthesis
* Calcium storage

A

MITOCHONDRIA

56
Q

4 parts of mitochondria

A
  • Outer and inner membrane
  • Cristae – inner membrane folds
  • Intermembrane space - compartment between the two membranes
  • Matrix – compartment enclosed by inner membrane
57
Q

Organelles that have special functions but are not involved in the metabolic processes of the cell

A

Less Active Organelles

58
Q

Less Active Organelles (7)

A

CYTOSKELETON
MICROTUBULES
CENTRIOLES
MICROFILAMENTS (ACTIN FILAMENTS)
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
PEROXISOMES / MICROBODIES
SECRETORY VESICLES

59
Q

A complex network of:
* Microtubules
* Microfilaments (actin filaments)
* Intermediate filaments

A

CYTOSKELETON

60
Q

Function:
* Maintain shape of cells
* Play an important role in the movements of
organelles and intracytoplasmic vesicles
* Participates in the movement of entire cell

A

CYTOSKELETON

61
Q
  • Straight or slightly curving
    slender cylindrical structures
  • Composed of tubulin polymers (a protein)
A

MICROTUBULES

62
Q

Function:
* Form spindle fibers during
mitosis
* Structural support
* Transport medium
* Associated with locomotion
(cilia, flagella)

A

MICROTUBULES

63
Q
  • Consist of nine microtubule triplets
    linked together in a pinwheel-like
    arrangement
  • Self-replicating
  • Found only in animal cells
A

CENTRIOLES

64
Q

Function:
* Forms organizing centers for mitosis to
form spindle fibers

A

CENTRIOLES

65
Q
  • Smallest
  • Form a thin sheath beneath the plasmalemma
  • Associated with several cytoplasmic organelles, vesicles, and granules
  • Scattered in an unorganized fashion within the cytoplasm
A

MICROFILAMENTS (ACTIN FILAMENTS)

66
Q
  • Believed to play a role in moving and shifting
    cytoplasmic components (cytoplasmic streaming)
  • Appear to be associated with membrane
    activities such as endocytosis, exocytosis, and cell migratory activity
A

MICROFILAMENTS (ACTIN FILAMENTS)

67
Q
  • Most stable component of cytoskeleton
  • Not directly involved in cell movements
  • Form an elaborate network in the cytoplasm
  • Composed of a variety of proteins that are
    expressed in different types of cells
A

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

68
Q

Function:
* Provide a scaffold for structural support

A

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

69
Q
  • Spherical membrane-limited organelles
  • Oxidize specific organic substrates
    > produces hydrogen peroxide in the process
  • Contains ____ (2)
  • eliminates hydrogen peroxide
  • degrades several toxic molecules and drugs
  • Contain enzymes involved in lipid metabolism
  • Has crystalline nucleoid in some species composed of
    urate oxidase
A

PEROXISOMES / MICROBODIES

70
Q
  • Found in cells that store a product until its release is signaled by a metabolic, hormonal, or neural message (regulated secretion)
  • Secretory vesicles containing digestive enzymes are referred to as ______ (2)
A

SECRETORY VESICLES
zymogen granules

71
Q
  • Spheroid body within a cell
  • Largest organelle
  • Contains a blueprint for all cell
    structures and activities
  • Function: Controls all the essential
    biosynthetic process within a cell
A

Nucleus

72
Q

Components of Nucleus (6)

A

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
NUCLEAR / FIBROUS LAMINA
NUCLEAR PORES
NUCLEOPLASM
CHROMATIN
NUCLEOLUS

73
Q
  • = Karyolemma
  • Parallel membranes separated by a
    narrow space called the ______ (2)
  • Continuous with RER at some point
  • Impermeable
A

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
perinuclear cisterna

74
Q
  • Protein structure closely associated with the internal membrane of the
    nuclear envelope
  • Helps to stabilize the nuclear envelope
  • Composed of three main proteins called laminas A, B, and C
A

NUCLEAR / FIBROUS LAMINA

75
Q
  • Gaps at sites where the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope fuse
  • The pores are not open
  • Octagonal pore complex made of more than 100 proteins
  • Control pathways between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
  • Exchange of substances only through nuclear pores
A

NUCLEAR PORES

76
Q
  • = Karyoplasm
  • Amorphous ground substance of
    the nucleus suspending the DNA
A

NUCLEOPLASM

77
Q
  • Chromosomes in a different degree of uncoiling
  • _____(2) – basic structural
    unit of chromatin
A

CHROMATIN
nucleosome

78
Q

Two structurally and functionally
distinguishable territories of chromatin

A
  1. Heterochromatin
  2. Euchromatin
79
Q
  • Most prominent substructure within the
    nucleus
  • Not bound by a membrane
  • Site of rRNA transcription and
    processing, and of ribosome assembly
A

NUCLEOLUS

VETA 65 Midterm Exam Coverage (2 decks)

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