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Microanatomy > muscle tissue > Flashcards

muscle tissue Flashcards

1
Q

4 basic tissues

A
  • epithelium
  • connective tissue
  • muscle tissue
  • nervous tissue
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2
Q

muscle cells

A
  • specialized cells capable of contraction to produce movement
  • aka myocytes and myofibers
  • spindle shaped
  • originate from mesoderm (myoblasts)
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3
Q

myotubes

A
  • multinucleated tubes formed from fusion of mesenchymal cells (myoblasts)
  • differentiate into myofilaments
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4
Q

satellite cells

A

cells that do not differentiate and remain as mesenchymal cells

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5
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle cells, contains glycogen and myoglobin

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6
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of muscle cell

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7
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

highly specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell

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8
Q

what percentage of body weight does skeletal muscle make up?

A

50%

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9
Q

what are some of the strongest muscles of the body?

A

tongue, masseter, and the heart

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10
Q

where are nuclei in myocytes?

A

peripherally, multiple

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11
Q

what kind of muscles are skeletal muscles? give examples

A

voluntary, fast contracting

  • GI sphincter
  • urinary sphincters
  • muscle in esophagus
  • tongue
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12
Q

skeletal muscle orgainzation

A
  • surrounded by dense irregular CT: epimysium
  • made up of smaller bundles: fascicles surrounded by perimysium
  • each fascicle made up of muscle cells
  • myofibrils contain bundles of myofibrils which contain bundles of myofilaments
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13
Q

perimysium

A

CT surrounding each fascicle

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14
Q

endomysium

A

reticular fibers surrounding individual myocytes

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15
Q

myofibers

A

cylindrical multinucleated cells, peripheral/hypolemmal nuclei

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16
Q

myofibrils

A

contractile elements, composed of repeating sections of myofilaments: myosin and actin, create light and dark bands

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17
Q

myofilaments

A

contractile (actin and myosin) and regulatory proteins (tropomyosin)

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18
Q

sarcomere

A

contractile or functional unit of myocyte

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19
Q

A band

A

dark and corresponds to are where thick and thin filaments overlap, composed of actin and myosin

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20
Q

I band

A

pale and composed of only thin filaments

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21
Q

Z line

A

protein disk that bisect I band, actin filaments anchored to it

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22
Q

type 1 “red muscle”

A
  • slow twitch
  • rich in myoglobin
  • aerobic metabolism-fatigue resistant (high fat low glycogen, many mitochondria)
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23
Q

type 2 “white muscle”

A
  • fast twitch

- anaerobic metabolism-prone to fatigue (low fat high glycogen, less myoglobin and mitochondria)

24
Q

motion mediated by muscle cells is based on…

A

conversion of ATP into mechanical energy by contractile apparatus

25
Q

myofibrils are composed of..

A

repeating assemblies of thick and thin filaments

26
Q

what happens during muscle contraction?

A

actin filament slide over the myosin filaments resulting in a shortening of the I band

27
Q

what holds actin and myosin in position?

A

desmin, tropomyosin, troponin

28
Q

sliding filament model

A

each sarcomere shortens–>myofilament length is constant–>I band shortens, almost disappears–>thin filaments slide past thick filaments; summation of all sarcomere shortening produces contraction of the muscle cell

29
Q

muscle contraction steps

A
  1. binding of calcium to troponin
  2. conformational change in tropomyosin, exposing myosin binding site
  3. myosin head binds to actin, ATP–>ADP moving myosin head
  4. thin filaments slide over thick filaments
  5. shortening of entire muscle fiber
30
Q

T tubules

A
  • deep invagination of sarcolemma, only in skeletal and cardiac muscle
  • allow depolarizaton of the membrane to quickly penetrate interior and release Ca from SR
31
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • equivalent to endoplasmic reticulum, seen in smooth and striated muscle
  • stores and releases calcium
32
Q

terminal cisterna

A

expanded ends of sacroplasmic reticulum

33
Q

cardiac muscle

A

cardiomyocyte= myocardiocyte= cardiac myocyte

  • one central nucleus
  • cross striated
  • intercalcated discs
  • lots of mitochondria
  • needs lots of oxygen
34
Q

intercalated discs

A
  • gap junctions, desmosomes
  • attach cardiac muscle cells to each other
  • provide strength and ability to function as a syncytium
35
Q

intercalcated discs consist of..

A
  1. transverse element: anchor, desmosome, strong attachment

2. longitudinal element: communication, gap junctions, propagate electric impulse

36
Q

atrial muscle cells

A

contain membrane bound granules, especially numerous in right atrium

37
Q

atrial granules

A

endocrine function, Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

38
Q

two types of cardiomyocytes

A
  1. contractile

2. conductile

39
Q

modified cardiac muscle cells

A

form the cardiac nodes and fibers involved in impulse conduction

40
Q

purkinjie fibers

A
  • modified cardiac muscle cells
  • 1 or 2 nuclei
  • sparse myofibrils
  • arranged in groups
41
Q

smooth muscle cell

A
  • single centrally located nucleus
  • no striations: no myofibrils, actin and myosin present but not ordered
  • desmosomes and gap junctions
  • no t-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed
42
Q

smooth muscle innervation

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

-acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

43
Q

smooth muscle cell shape

A

spindle shaped surrounded by a basal lamina and reticular fibers

44
Q

single (unitary) smooth muscle

A
  • visceral organs
  • cells behave like syncytium contracting in a network
  • sparse innervation but communicate via multiple gap junctions
45
Q

multi-unit smooth muscle

A
  • found in iris of eye
  • precise contraction
  • individual innervation of each myocyte
  • lack gap junctions
46
Q

peristalsis

A

wave like contractions, GI tract

47
Q

vascular dynamics

A

contraction alters blood flow and important in blood pressure

48
Q

propulsion

A

urinary bladder, uterus

49
Q

tunica muscularis

A
  1. innermost circular layer
  2. outer longitudinal layer
    contraction is non-voluntary
50
Q

contracted state

A

oblique arrangement of actin/myosin filaments and intermediate filament arrangement allow to shorten up to 80%

51
Q

myoepithelial cells

A
  • contractile non-muscle cells
  • ectodermal orgin
  • contain actin/myosin
  • similar to smooth muscle
  • can be stimulated by hormones (mammary gland)
  • basket-like shape
  • salivary/mammary/lacrimal glands
52
Q

satellite cells

A

-between basal lamina and sarcolemma of muscle
-retain mitotic potential: some repair
-

53
Q

cardiac muscle regeneration

A

lack ability

54
Q

smooth muscle regeneration

A

limited: some mitotic activity, may be derived from the pericapillary mesenchymal cells

55
Q

muscle regeneration

A

in all types repair is completed by scar tissue formation

Microanatomy (3 decks)

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