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(Rolf 2016) Podiatry Clinical > Muscle Testing (Biomechanics) > Flashcards

Muscle Testing (Biomechanics) Flashcards

1
Q

Why is muscle testing important?

A

Assesses whether muscles are acting as they are supposed to. Weak muscles can affect gait & stance & can be strengthened.

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2
Q

What is the action of Tibialis Posterior?

A

Plantar flexion & inversion of foot

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3
Q

If flexor hallucis longus & flexor digitorum longus are substituting what will occur?

A

Toes strongly flex

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4
Q

How is Tibialis Posterior tested?

A
  • Pt supine/ sitting
  • Fixate above ankle
  • Dorsiflex ankle & evert foot
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5
Q

Tibialis posterior weakness is seen clinically as?

A

If weak single limb raise difficult/ impossible & gross pronation

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6
Q

What is the action of Tibialis Anterior?

A

Dorsiflexion & Inversion of foot

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7
Q

How is Tibialis Anterior Tested?

A
  • Pt supine/ sitting
  • Fixate above ankle
  • Plantar flex ankle & evert foot
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8
Q

Tibialis anterior weakness results in?

A

Gross pronation & dropfoot

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9
Q

What is the action of soleus?

A

Plantar flexion of foot (without inversion or eversion)

- Inversion/ eversion indicates tibialis posterior? toe flexors or peroneal substitution

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10
Q

How is soleus tested?

A
  • Pt prone (lying face down) with knee flexed
  • Fixate leg proximal to ankle
  • Dorsiflex foot using calcaneus or plantar surface of foot
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11
Q

Soleus weakness is seen clinically as?

A
  • Cavus position of foot &
  • Inability to rise on toes
  • Anterior displacement of body, possibly with knee flexion
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12
Q

What is the action of Gastrocnemius?

A

Plantar flexion of foot

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13
Q

How is gastrocnemius tested?

A
  • Pt prone (lying face down) with knee extended
  • Pressure against plantar surface of foot (If Pt is strong)
  • Pressure against calcaneus only (If Pt is weaker)
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14
Q

Gastrocnemius weakness is seen clinically as?

A

The inability to rise on toes &

Hyperextension of knees

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15
Q

What is the action of Peroneus Longus & Brevis?

A

Eversion & Plantar flexion of foot

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16
Q

Peronus Longus & Brevis weakness is seen clinically as?

A

Varus position of foot
Decreased lateral stability
Rising on toes

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17
Q

What is the action of Extensor Hallucis Longus &

Extensor Digitorum Brevis (medial slip)?

A

Extensor Hallucis Longus dorsiflexes the hallux @ the MPJ & assists ankle dorsi flexion

18
Q

How is Extensor Hallucis Longus & Extensor Digitorum Brevis tested?

A
  • Pt supine or sitting
  • Fixate foot behind ankle in plantar position
  • Pressure against dorsal surface of hallux
19
Q

Extensor Hallucis Longus & Extensor Digitorum Brevis weakness is seen clinically as?

A

Decreased hallux & ankle joint extension,

allowing flexed position of toe

20
Q

What is the action of extensor digitorum longus & brevis?

A

Dorsi flexion of all joints of lesser digits &

Aids dorsi flexion at ankle joint

21
Q

How is extensor digitorum longus & brevis tested?

A
  • Pt supine/ sitting
  • Fixate behind ankle with foot plantar flexed
  • Apply pressure against dorsal surface of lesser toes
22
Q

Weakness of extensor digitorum longus & brevis results in?

A

Foot drop & forefoot varus

23
Q

What is the action of Flexor Hallucis Brevis?

A

Plantar flexion of hallux at MPJ

24
Q

How is Flexor Hallucis Brevis tested?

A
  • Pt supine/ sitting
  • Fixate foot & ankle
  • MPJ in neutral position
  • Apply pressure against plantar surface of proximal phalanx of hallux
25
Q

Weakness of Flexor Hallucis Brevis results in?

A

Hammering of hallux &

Decreased stability of the longitudinal arch

26
Q

What is the action of Flexor Hallucis Longus?

A

Plantar flexion of IPJ of hallux

Aids plantar flexion of MPJ, ankle joint & inversion of foot

27
Q

How is Flexor Hallucis Longus tested?

A
  • Pt supine/ sitting
  • Hold foot, ankle & 1st MPJ in neutral
  • Apply pressure against the plantar surface of the distal phalanx of hallux
28
Q

Weakness of Flexor Hallucis Longus is seen clinically as?

A

Decreased inversion strength of foot

Plantar flexion of ankle with hallux hyperextended/ hammering

29
Q

What is the action of the Hamstrings?

A

Knee flexion & hip extension

30
Q

How are the hamstrings tested?

A
  • Pt prone
  • Fixate thigh firmly on table
  • Pressure against calf
    (medially orientated leg for semi-membranosus & semi-tendinosus)
    (laterally orientated leg for biceps femoris at 50-70 degrees)
31
Q

Weakness of hamstrings is seen clinically as?

A

Hyperextension of knee
If bilateral -> anterior tilt of pelvis & lumbar lordosis

Loss of medial or lateral strength = knock knees or bow legs

32
Q

What is the action of Quadriceps Femoris?

A

Knee extension

33
Q

How is Quadriceps Femoris tested?

A
  • Pt sitting with knees over edge of bed/ plinth

- Apply pressure against dorsum of leg above the ankle

34
Q

Weakness of Quadriceps Femoris results in?

A

Difficult climbing stairs or inclines
Difficulty rising from a chair
Hyperextension of knees

35
Q

What is the action of Hip Flexors?

A

Flexion of the hip

36
Q

Hip Flexor weakness results in?

A

Difficulty climbing stairs or inclines
Difficulty rising from supine (lying down) position
Difficulty rising from chair

37
Q

What is the action of Flexor Digitorum Longus/ Quadratus Plantae?

A

Plantar flexion of the lesser toe joints

Assists in plantar flexion and inversion of foot

38
Q

How is Flexor Digitorum Longus/ Quadratus Plantae tested?

A
  • Pt supine/ sitting
  • Fixate foot & ankle in neutral position
  • Stabilise metatarsals
  • Apply pressure against the plantar surface of the distal phalanx of lesser toes
39
Q

Weakness of Flexor Digitorum Longus/ Quadratus Plantae results in?

A

Hyperextension of distal phalanges 2-5
Decreased ability to invert foot
Plantar flexion at ankle joint
Increased pronation (in stance)

40
Q

What is the action of Flexor Digitorum Brevis?

A

Plantar flexion of the proximal IPJ &

Flexion of MPJs of digits 2-5

41
Q

How is Flexor Digitorum Brevis tested?

A
  • Pt supine/ sitting
  • Fixate foot & ankle in neutral (& proximal phalanges)
  • Apply pressure against the plantar surface of middle phalanges 2-5
42
Q

Weakness of Flexor Digitorum Brevis results in?

A

Decreased support of longitudinal & transverse arches

(Rolf 2016) Podiatry Clinical (4 decks)

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