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Anat/Phys > Muscle Test > Flashcards

Muscle Test Flashcards

0
Q

The pull created by muscles when they shorten

A

Tension

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1
Q

What are muscles needed for?

A 
Movement
Support
Warmth
Breathing
Digestion 
Circulation
Excretion
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2
Q

The force that muscles need to overcome to move (usually gravity)

A

Resistance

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3
Q

Striated, voluntary, attached to bones, can repair

A

Skeletal

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4
Q

Striated, involuntary, in heart, can’t repair

A

Cardiac

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5
Q

Nonstriated, involuntary, intestines/blood vessels

A

Smooth

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6
Q

Contains connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels

A

Muscles

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7
Q

Functions of muscle

A 
Movement 
Posture
Support tissues
Guards entrances and exits 
Maintains temperature
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8
Q

Subunit of muscle

A

Fascicle

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9
Q

Subunit of fascicle

A

Muscle fiber(cell)

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10
Q

Subunit of muscle fiber(cell)

A

Myofibril

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11
Q

Subunit of myofibril

A

Myofilament

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12
Q

Tissue surrounding the entire muscle that separates it from other muscle or bone

A

Fasciae

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13
Q

Tissue around the entire muscle that is directly connected

A

Epimysium

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14
Q

Tissue surrounding the individual fascicles

A

Perimysium

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15
Q

Tissue surrounding the individual muscle fibers/cells

A

Endomysium

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16
Q

Adult stem cells, repair damaged muscle cells

A

Satellite cells

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17
Q

Embryonic stem cells that form all muscle cells

A

Myoblast

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18
Q

The muscle cell membrane

A

Sarcolemma

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19
Q

The muscle cell cytoplasm

A

Sarcoplasm

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20
Q

The muscle cells ER

A

SR

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21
Q

Run perpendicular to SR to carry materials from fiber to fiber

A

Transverse tubules

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22
Q

Thin, create I bands, light

A

Actin

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23
Q

Thick, create A bands, dark

A

Myosin

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24
Q

One segment of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcomere

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25
Q

Actin that move
myosin that don’t move
supporting proteins
regulating proteins

A

Elements of Sarcomere

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26
Q

Myosin filaments, light

A

A-bands

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27
Q

Actin filaments, dark

A

I-bands

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28
Q

Middle of myosin filaments

A

M-line

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29
Q

Area where I-band and A-band both occur

A

Zone of overlap

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30
Q

Middle of bands, start of new Sarcomere

A

Z-lines

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31
Q

Myosin pull on actin in a ratcheting pattern

A

Ratchet theory

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32
Q

I bands get smaller
Overlap zone gets bigger
Z-lines get closer together
A bands remain the same

A

Sliding filament theory

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33
Q

Area where nerves connect to muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular junction

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34
Q

Synapse
Synaptic terminal
Motor end plate

A

Parts of neuromuscular junction

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35
Q

Neurons that connect to muscle

A

Motor neuron

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36
Q

Gap between nerve and fiber

A

Synapse

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37
Q

The last part of motor neuron in the neuromuscular junction

A

Synaptic terminal

38
Q

Part of muscle in neuromuscular junction area

A

Motor end plate

39
Q

The amount of stimulus needed to release a neurotransmitter

A

Action potential

40
Q

Neurotransmitter that causes Na+ to enter the fiber

A

Ach

41
Q

Causes Ca+ to be released from SR

A

Na+

42
Q

Causes myosin heads to grab and pull on actin filaments

A

Ca++

43
Q

enzyme that breaks down Ach

A

Achase

44
Q

Steps of contraction

A 
Impulse from brain
Ach is released into synapse 
Na+ are released into fiber 
Ca+ are released from SR into fiber 
Myosin heads grab and pull on actin in repeating motion until impulse stops
45
Q

Steps of relaxation

A

Impulse from brain stops
Achase is released and breaks down Ach synapse
Na+ leave muscle fiber
Ca returns to SR
Myosin release actin fibers and they return to their resting position

46
Q

Controlled by # of muscle fibers stimulated and frequency of stimulation

A

Muscle tension

47
Q

A single stimulus that causes 1 contraction and 1 relaxation

A

Twitch

48
Q

No tension, impulse occurs, Ach, Na, and Ca released

A

Latent phase

49
Q

Myofilaments connect and shorten

A

Contraction phase

50
Q

na+ and ca+ are re-absorbed and contraction stops

A

Relaxation phase

51
Q

The gradual buildup of tension due to repeated stimuli and a lack of relaxation

A

Wave summation

52
Q

Maximum tension with brief periods of relaxation (convulsions)

A

Incomplete tetanus

53
Q

No period of relaxation, constant full tension

A

Complete tetanus

54
Q 
Contraction ends, but low levels of tension remain in muscle fiber.
Occurs due to:
Death
Injury
workout
A

Treppe

55
Q

Tension in myofibril (actual amount is higher)

A

Internal tension

56
Q

Tension at the tendon (less due to stretching)

A

External tension

57
Q

A motor neuron and all the fibers it connects to

A

Motor unit

58
Q

Fewer fiber per neuron, react quicker with less force

A

Fine motor skills

59
Q

many fiber per neuron, slower with more force

A

Course motor skills

60
Q

Resting tension in a muscle

A

Muscle tone

61
Q

Length of muscle changes

A

Isotonic

62
Q

Length of muscle doesn’t change, still contracts

A

Isometric

63
Q

Muscle Shortens

A

Concentric

64
Q

Muscle lengthens

A

Eccentric

65
Q

Gives power
More muscle mass
Breakdown of pyruvic acid hat turns into lactic acid.

A

Glycolosis

66
Q

Causes of muscle fatigue

A

Run out of ATP
Loss of energy sources(glucose/oxygen)
Build up of lactic acid(muscle damage)
Damage to SR(injury)

67
Q

Maximum amount of tension produced

A

Power

68
Q

How long a muscle can perform

A

Endurance

69
Q

Power and endurance controlled by:

A

Type of muscle fibers

Physical condition

70
Q

Large, powerful, white, have few mitochondria, don’t use often

A

Fast muscle fibers

71
Q

Smaller, fatigue slowly, red, more oxyhemoglobin, many mitochondria, use very often

A

Slow muscle fibers

72
Q

Pink and pale

A

Intermediate muscle fibers

73
Q

Muscle growth that occurs due to muscle tearing

A

Hypertrophy

74
Q

Muscle loss

A

Atrophy

75
Q 
Sprints, lifting, speed
Limited by:
Amount of ATP or creatine phosphate 
Glycogen reserves
Lactic acid tolerance
A

Anaerobic endurance

76
Q

Jogging,swimming
Limited by:
Oxygen levels
Sugars,fats, and proteins

A

Aerobic endurance

77
Q

Affects of aging

A

Fibers get smaller
Lose elasticity
Decrease in recovery ability
Decrease in exercise tolerance

78
Q

Bacterial infection from improperly canned foods, similar effects to a stroke, common in babies

A

Botulism

79
Q

Neurological disease that causes muscles to degenerate, gradual loss of motor neurons, genetic

A

ALS/Lou Gehrigs

80
Q

Genetic, undiagnosable, auto immune, chronic muscle pain

A

Fibromyalgia

81
Q

Muscle overuse that causes pain, involuntary muscle contraction

A

Muscle cramps

82
Q

Weakness and rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles, too much ACHase

A

Myasthenia gravis

83
Q

Parasitic disease caused by eating raw or undercooked pork

A

Trichinosis

84
Q

Fatigue, muscle pain, weakness, hereditary, lack of energy

A

Chronic fatigue syndrome

85
Q

Typical hernia from lifting something heavy. intestines push through abdomen wall

A

Inguinal hernia

86
Q

transmission through unsanitary conditions, causes nerve damage

A

Polio

87
Q

Severe muscle dystrophy, lack of protein in muscle, hereditary

A

Duchenes muscular dystrophy

88
Q

Chronic muscle inflammation, more common in women, connective tissue disease

A

Polymyosotis

89
Q

Diaphragm tearing as a result of excessive coughing/vomiting, stomach pushing up through hiatus

A

Hiatal hernia

90
Q

Result of injury where muscle starts to die because it isn’t getting blood flow

A

Ischemia

91
Q

Autoimmune disorder, white blood cells attack fatty covering of nerves

A

Multiple sclerosis

92
Q

Bacterial infection where muscles contract and spasm

A

Tetanus

Anat/Phys (5 decks)

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