Muscle Test Flashcards
The pull created by muscles when they shorten
Tension
What are muscles needed for?
Movement Support Warmth Breathing Digestion Circulation Excretion
The force that muscles need to overcome to move (usually gravity)
Resistance
Striated, voluntary, attached to bones, can repair
Skeletal
Striated, involuntary, in heart, can’t repair
Cardiac
Nonstriated, involuntary, intestines/blood vessels
Smooth
Contains connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels
Muscles
Functions of muscle
Movement Posture Support tissues Guards entrances and exits Maintains temperature
Subunit of muscle
Fascicle
Subunit of fascicle
Muscle fiber(cell)
Subunit of muscle fiber(cell)
Myofibril
Subunit of myofibril
Myofilament
Tissue surrounding the entire muscle that separates it from other muscle or bone
Fasciae
Tissue around the entire muscle that is directly connected
Epimysium
Tissue surrounding the individual fascicles
Perimysium
Tissue surrounding the individual muscle fibers/cells
Endomysium
Adult stem cells, repair damaged muscle cells
Satellite cells
Embryonic stem cells that form all muscle cells
Myoblast
The muscle cell membrane
Sarcolemma
The muscle cell cytoplasm
Sarcoplasm
The muscle cells ER
SR
Run perpendicular to SR to carry materials from fiber to fiber
Transverse tubules
Thin, create I bands, light
Actin
Thick, create A bands, dark
Myosin
One segment of a muscle fiber
Sarcomere
Actin that move
myosin that don’t move
supporting proteins
regulating proteins
Elements of Sarcomere
Myosin filaments, light
A-bands
Actin filaments, dark
I-bands
Middle of myosin filaments
M-line
Area where I-band and A-band both occur
Zone of overlap
Middle of bands, start of new Sarcomere
Z-lines
Myosin pull on actin in a ratcheting pattern
Ratchet theory
I bands get smaller
Overlap zone gets bigger
Z-lines get closer together
A bands remain the same
Sliding filament theory
Area where nerves connect to muscle fiber
Neuromuscular junction
Synapse
Synaptic terminal
Motor end plate
Parts of neuromuscular junction
Neurons that connect to muscle
Motor neuron
Gap between nerve and fiber
Synapse
The last part of motor neuron in the neuromuscular junction
Synaptic terminal
Part of muscle in neuromuscular junction area
Motor end plate
The amount of stimulus needed to release a neurotransmitter
Action potential
Neurotransmitter that causes Na+ to enter the fiber
Ach
Causes Ca+ to be released from SR
Na+
Causes myosin heads to grab and pull on actin filaments
Ca++
enzyme that breaks down Ach
Achase
Steps of contraction
Impulse from brain Ach is released into synapse Na+ are released into fiber Ca+ are released from SR into fiber Myosin heads grab and pull on actin in repeating motion until impulse stops
Steps of relaxation
Impulse from brain stops
Achase is released and breaks down Ach synapse
Na+ leave muscle fiber
Ca returns to SR
Myosin release actin fibers and they return to their resting position
Controlled by # of muscle fibers stimulated and frequency of stimulation
Muscle tension
A single stimulus that causes 1 contraction and 1 relaxation
Twitch
No tension, impulse occurs, Ach, Na, and Ca released
Latent phase
Myofilaments connect and shorten
Contraction phase
na+ and ca+ are re-absorbed and contraction stops
Relaxation phase
The gradual buildup of tension due to repeated stimuli and a lack of relaxation
Wave summation
Maximum tension with brief periods of relaxation (convulsions)
Incomplete tetanus
No period of relaxation, constant full tension
Complete tetanus
Contraction ends, but low levels of tension remain in muscle fiber. Occurs due to: Death Injury workout
Treppe
Tension in myofibril (actual amount is higher)
Internal tension
Tension at the tendon (less due to stretching)
External tension
A motor neuron and all the fibers it connects to
Motor unit
Fewer fiber per neuron, react quicker with less force
Fine motor skills
many fiber per neuron, slower with more force
Course motor skills
Resting tension in a muscle
Muscle tone
Length of muscle changes
Isotonic
Length of muscle doesn’t change, still contracts
Isometric
Muscle Shortens
Concentric
Muscle lengthens
Eccentric
Gives power
More muscle mass
Breakdown of pyruvic acid hat turns into lactic acid.
Glycolosis
Causes of muscle fatigue
Run out of ATP
Loss of energy sources(glucose/oxygen)
Build up of lactic acid(muscle damage)
Damage to SR(injury)
Maximum amount of tension produced
Power
How long a muscle can perform
Endurance
Power and endurance controlled by:
Type of muscle fibers
Physical condition
Large, powerful, white, have few mitochondria, don’t use often
Fast muscle fibers
Smaller, fatigue slowly, red, more oxyhemoglobin, many mitochondria, use very often
Slow muscle fibers
Pink and pale
Intermediate muscle fibers
Muscle growth that occurs due to muscle tearing
Hypertrophy
Muscle loss
Atrophy
Sprints, lifting, speed Limited by: Amount of ATP or creatine phosphate Glycogen reserves Lactic acid tolerance
Anaerobic endurance
Jogging,swimming
Limited by:
Oxygen levels
Sugars,fats, and proteins
Aerobic endurance
Affects of aging
Fibers get smaller
Lose elasticity
Decrease in recovery ability
Decrease in exercise tolerance
Bacterial infection from improperly canned foods, similar effects to a stroke, common in babies
Botulism
Neurological disease that causes muscles to degenerate, gradual loss of motor neurons, genetic
ALS/Lou Gehrigs
Genetic, undiagnosable, auto immune, chronic muscle pain
Fibromyalgia
Muscle overuse that causes pain, involuntary muscle contraction
Muscle cramps
Weakness and rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles, too much ACHase
Myasthenia gravis
Parasitic disease caused by eating raw or undercooked pork
Trichinosis
Fatigue, muscle pain, weakness, hereditary, lack of energy
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Typical hernia from lifting something heavy. intestines push through abdomen wall
Inguinal hernia
transmission through unsanitary conditions, causes nerve damage
Polio
Severe muscle dystrophy, lack of protein in muscle, hereditary
Duchenes muscular dystrophy
Chronic muscle inflammation, more common in women, connective tissue disease
Polymyosotis
Diaphragm tearing as a result of excessive coughing/vomiting, stomach pushing up through hiatus
Hiatal hernia
Result of injury where muscle starts to die because it isn’t getting blood flow
Ischemia
Autoimmune disorder, white blood cells attack fatty covering of nerves
Multiple sclerosis
Bacterial infection where muscles contract and spasm
Tetanus
