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Bio 225 > Muscle Physiology > Flashcards

Muscle Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

general characteristics of muscle fibers

A

excitable, extensible, tightly packed. flexible, have action potentials

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2
Q

is smooth muscle striated

A

no

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3
Q

where is smooth muscle found

A

blood vessels, respiratory tracts, visceral linings, gastrointestinal tract

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4
Q

is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary contraction?

A

voluntary

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5
Q

is smooth muscle myogenically active

A

yes

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6
Q

Nuclei of smooth muscle

A

uninucleated, central nuclei

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7
Q

organization of smooth muscle

A

lacks organized sarcomeres, have adhesion plates, sarcolemma, nucleus, actin, myosin and gap junctions

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8
Q

form of smooth muscle

A

form circular and longituidnal layers. If going around its circular muscle and circular closes the tube. If it goes along the muscle its longitudinal which shortens and lengthens the tube

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9
Q

myogenic activity

A

ability of muscle tissue to contract on its own without requiring external nervous stimulation

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10
Q

is cardiac muscle striated/

A

yes

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11
Q

is cardiac voluntary or involuntary contraction

A

involuntary

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12
Q

how does cardiac muscle contract

A

similar to slow twitch, have a long refractory period to ensure a single beat and no tetanus

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13
Q

how is cardiac muscle stimulated

A

cardiac muscle stimulates other cardiac muscle

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14
Q

is cardiac muscle myogenically active

A

yes

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15
Q

nuclei structure in cardiac muscle

A

uninucliated, central nuclei

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16
Q

how is calcium released from the SR of cardiac muscle

A

calcium entry triggers the release of Ca from the SR

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17
Q

is skeletal muscle striated

A

yes

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18
Q

is skeletal muscle control voluntary or involuntary

A

voluntary

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19
Q

how is skeletal muscle stimulated

A

neurotransmitters stimulate skeletal muscle

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20
Q

is skeletal muscle myogenically active

A

no

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21
Q

structure of nuclei in skeletal muscle

A

multinulicated, peripheral nuclei

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22
Q

what are the two types of skeletal muscle

A

fast twitch and slow twitch

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23
Q

Fast twitch skeletal muscle

A

known as white fibers because have lower concentration of myoglobin which makes them paler. faster depolarization, shorter latent period.

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24
Q

Slow Twitch muscle

A

red muscle fiber bc high myoglobin concentration, high amts of mitochondira, slower depolarization, longer latent period

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25
Q

what type of respiration do fast twitch muscle use

A

predominantly anaerobic

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26
Q

skeletal muscle contraction

A

initiation of muscle action potential, excitation contraction/coupling, relaxation

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27
Q

Sarcomere

A

Fundamental unit of muscle contraction, goes from Z line to Z line

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28
Q

Thick filament

A

made of myosin

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29
Q

thin filament

A

made of actin

30
Q

does myosin need a motor protein

A

no

31
Q

does action need motor protein

A

actin itself does not generate movement but works in conjuction with motor proteins (myosin) to produce movement

32
Q

important proteins for actin

A

troponin, and tropomyosin

32
Q

Where is there no overlapping myosin

A

the H zone which is located in the center of the A band is where this is no overlap of the thick and thin filaments

33
Q

what determines the specific properties of myosin

A

The essential light chains and the regulatory light chain

34
Q

what is the structure of myosin

A

head that bind actin, the light chain and the tail

35
Q

step 1 of the sliding filament model

A

ATP binds which causes myosin to detach

36
Q

step 2 of sliding filament model

A

detachment of myosin causes ATP to hydrolyze during which ATP becomes ADP and phosphate which remain bound to myosin

37
Q

step 3 of sliding filament model

A

hydrolysis causes myosin to attach to actin

38
Q

step 4 of sliding filament model

A

phosphate is released which promotes power stroke, actin moves

39
Q

step 5 of sliding filament model

A

adp is released opening up binding site for ATP to then bind agin starting the cycle over agin

40
Q

how is the binding of myosin to actin regulated?

A

ability of myosin to bind actin is regulated by Ca and thin filament proteins troponin and tropomyosin

41
Q

where are the thin filaments of the sarcomere anchored?

A

to the Z line

42
Q

what does the I band represent

A

distance between myosin filaments

43
Q

what does the Z disk split

A

the I band

44
Q

Myofibers

A

also known as muscle fibers, they are specialized elongated cells that are the fundamental units of skeletal muscle tissues

45
Q

Network of Sarcoplasm Reticulum in myofibers

A

myofibers have an extensive network of SR which is important for the storage and release of calcium

46
Q

where are T tubules located and what do they do

A

contained in the myofibers, t tubules help propagate the action potential deep into the fiber, ensuring a coordinated contraction

47
Q

Terminal cisternae

A

part of the SR and are responsible for storing and releasing calcium ions which are essential for muscle contractions.

48
Q

what part of muscle is most impacted if there is not adequate calcium

A

the terminal cisternae, it would not function properly leading to impaired muscle contraction

49
Q

DHPR calcium channels

A

also known as L type voltage gated calcium channels. they are located in the T tubules of muscle cell membrane

50
Q

Function of DHPR channels

A

act as voltage sensors playing a large role in process of excitation-contraction coupling by triggering release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum

51
Q

Tropomyosin

A

located along actin filaments, helps to regulate muscle contraction by blocking binding sites on actin filaments

52
Q

what is the result of actin and myosin working together

A

allows for movements of cells, movement of vesicles, and movement of muscles

53
Q

Myosin 1

A

monomeric motor protein that binds to actin and hydrolyzes ATP to generate force, plays a large role in intracellular movements (endo/exocytosis) nromally found in cytoplasm

54
Q

Myosin II

A

dimeric, composed of two heavy chains each with head, neck and tail region. The tails intertwine allowing them to form thick filaments. Their function is muscle contraction in smooth, muscle, and cardiac muscle

55
Q

Myosin V

A

dimeric motor protein, the tail domains contain cargo that binds regions that mediate attachment to various organelles or vesicles. Transport things over longer distances with the cell. Can also move progressively along actin filaments meaning it can take multiple steps without detaching from actin filament

56
Q

unitary displacement in myosin

A

myosin movement displays unitary displacement (proceeds in steps) the length of the step is determined by the length of the myosin isoform neck. it refers to how far along the actin filament the myosin can move in one cycle

57
Q

Troponin

A

complex of three regulatory proteins that are integral to muscle contraction is skeletal and cardiac muscle ( not present in smooth muscle)

58
Q

Troponin when muscle is at rest

A

when at rest calcium concentration is sarcoplasm is low , in this state TnCis not bound to calcium, TnI binds to actin inhibiting the interaction between actin and myosin, tropomyosin is head in place by troponin complex which covers the myosin binding sites on actin preventing contraction.

59
Q

Troponin when a stimulus for contraction is recieved

A

Ca ions bind to TnC which induces confirmational change in the TnC and as a result TnC interacts strongly with TnI pulling it away from actin which pulls TnI away from myosin binding sites on actin revealing these sites for myosin binding. Myosin can then bind to actin initiating cross bridge cycling which leads to muscle contraction

60
Q

Troponin C

A

calcium binding component, when Ca ions bind to it TnC undergoes confirmational change that is essential for muscle contraction

61
Q

TnI

A

inhibitory component of troponin complex in the absence of calcium TnI binds to actin in thin filament and holds the troponin-tropomyosin complex in place preventing interaction btw actin and myosin preventing muscle contraction

62
Q

TnT

A

binds entire troponin complex to tropomyosin. helps anchor the troponin complex

63
Q

funny channels

A

involved in pacemaker cell potentials in the heart depend on sodium potassium flux

64
Q

calmodium

A

calcium binding messanger protein. in smooth muscle contraction calmodulin is important in smooth muscle cells where it binds to calcium and activates myosin light chain kinases which is then phosphorylated leading to contraction of smooth muscle (important note is that it works in smooth muscle)

65
Q

RyR

A

calcium release channel on SR releases calcium into cytoplasm during muscle contraction, does not pump calcium back into the SR

66
Q

SERCA Pump

A

specifically responsible for pumping Ca back into the SR which is essential for muscle relaxation by reducing cytoplasmic calcium levels after contraction

67
Q

rapid changes in sarcoplasmic Ca level

A

necessary for contraction, in the absence of excitation sarcoplasmic calcium is kept very low by the Ca ATPase in the sarcolemma and by SERCA

68
Q

where are the SERCA located

A

in the sarcolemma and the sarcoplasmic reticulum

69
Q
A

Bio 225 (3 decks)

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