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Bio 225 > circulation > Flashcards

circulation Flashcards

1
Q

general characteristics of circulatory system

A

one or more pumps or structures that apply force to drive fluid flow through system of tubes, and a fluid that circulates through the system

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2
Q

Open circultory system

A

organisms with open circulatory systems have generally blood pressures

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3
Q

closed circulatory system

A

organisms with closed circulatory systems have higher blood pressure

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4
Q

why do closed circulatory system have higher blood pressures

A

allows for rapid adjustment of O2 and nutrient delivery to specific tissues, ultra filtration of the blood

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5
Q

Structure of Blood vessels: Large vein, elastic artery, vein, and muscular artery

A

Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

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6
Q

Tunica Externa

A

external part of the blood vessel, is is made of collagen

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7
Q

Tunica Media

A

middle layer of blood vessel, made of smooth muscle and elastin

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8
Q

Tunica Intima

A

inner layer, made of endothelial cells and laminin

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9
Q

Venule

A

made of tunica externa and tunica intima, does not have tunica media

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10
Q

Arteriole

A

tunica media and endothelium

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11
Q

Capilaries

A

Made of only tunica intima and vary in structure

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12
Q

Continuous capillary

A

in the brain muscle and skin (have tight junction, endothelial cell, and intercellular cleft)

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13
Q

Fenestrated Capillary

A

Kidney, endocrine organs, intestines (tight junctions, endothelial cell, intercellular cleft, fenestrations (pores)

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14
Q

Sinusoidal capillaries

A

liver, bone marrow ( tight junction, endothelial cell, intracellular cleft

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15
Q

Bulk flow

A

bulk flow of blood is controlled by tubes, pumps, and values increased pressure of valves increases flow down the one way valve

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16
Q

equation for Bulk flow

A

Q (flow)= delta P (pressure gradient x R (resistance)

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16
Q

law of bulk flow

A

fluids flow down pressure gradients, resistance due to frication opposes this movement. The law of bulk flow quantifies the relationship between flow, pressure and resistance

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17
Q

relationship between resistance and radius of tube

A

resistance is inversely related to radius (R=8nL/pir^4)

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18
Q

what are the assumptions of Poiseuilles equation and why are they wrong

A

the equation assumes unbranched rigid tubes that are uniform simple tube with steady flow. Blood vessels are not simple continuous tubes

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19
Q

Flow in a closed circuit

A

in a closed circuit flow will be uniform at all points of the circuit

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20
Q

Velocity of fluid

A

velocity of fluid flow is inversely proportional to the area of the vessel Blood velocity= Q flow/ A (summed cross sectional area of flow)

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21
Q

blood velocity in an open circuit

A

velocity will not be uniform at all point

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

where is blood velocity the lowest and cross sectional area the highest

A

at the capillary beds

24
Q

where do blood cells flow through

A

flow through the capilaries and the venules

25
Q

Structure of Vertebrate heart walls

A

endocardium is outside, then myocardium, pericardium

26
Q

Where is the coronary artery

A

in the myocardium

27
Q

Pericardium

A

inner most layer of heart wall, its first layer is the epicardium (visceral pericardium) then pericardial fluid which in the pericardial cavity, then the parietal pericarium

28
Q

Diastole

A

relaxation phase of cycle, negative blood pressure, blood flowing in

29
Q

Systole

A

contraction, positive pressure, blood flows out

30
Q

are valves active or passive

A

valves are passive

31
Q

AV values: Atrial → Ventricular

A

Right is tricuspid, left is bicuspid/mitral, the AV valves are weak enough to open with pressure but strong enough not to prolapse which is prevented by the chordae tendinae and papillary muscles

32
Q

Semilunar valves: ventricular→ out

A

pulmonary value, aortic valve. Weak enough to open from ventricular contraction which allows blood to flow out of the heart but they are strong enough to withstand return pressure

33
Q

Atrial diastole/ Ventricular diastole:

A

pulmonary value is closed, tricuspid and mitral valves are open, aortic value is closed, atrial systole, ventricular diastole

34
Q

Atrial diastole/ Ventricular systole:

A

pulmonary value open, tricuspid and mitral valves closed, aortic valve open, atrial diastole, ventricular systole

35
Q

what does the SA node Ionic Conductase do

A

it creates a self sustaining pacemaker

36
Q

what is the funny current

A

cased by non selective cation channels that open at hyperpolarized voltages and close upon depolarization

37
Q

What is the most important ion for the Funny current

A

Na+

38
Q

what does the depolarization of the pacemaker do

A

it spreads to the neighboring cardiomyocytes causing action potentials and contraction

39
Q

timing of the depolarization of the SA node pacemaker

A
  1. SA node depolarizes, and the depolarization spreads rapidly via the internodal pathway
  2. The av Node delays the signal, the depolarization spreads rapidly though the atria via gap junctions and causes the atria to contract
  3. depolarization spreads rapidly though the bundle of His and purkinji fibers
  4. the depolarization spreads upward through the ventricles causes them to contract
40
Q

EKGs detect what

A

integrated electrical activity of the heart

41
Q

P wave

A

depolarization of aorta, the first small wave

42
Q

QRS

A

depolarization of the ventricles and repolarization of the atria. The first part of the spike is Q, the peak is R and the come down is S which is the repolarization of the ventricels

43
Q

Electrical and mechanical events of the heart are coupled

A

start cycle with ventricular diastole, then around the P wave you move to atrial systole, the in the QRS complex you get isovolumetric contraction, after the QRS complex you have ventricular systole, at T wave you have isovolumetric relaxation, then you have ventricular diastole before you start the cycle over again

44
Q

relationship of cardiac output to heart rate and stroke volume

A

Cardiac output is the product of heart rate and stroke volume CO=HRxSV

45
Q

how do parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of autonomic nervous system control HR

A

the reciprocally control heart rate by controlling the pacemaker potential and the SA node

46
Q

how does parasympathetic nervous system slow SA node pacemaker

A

Via muscarinic ACh receptors Cardiovascular control center (medulla) → Parasympathetic neurons → Ach→ muscarinic receptors of autorhythmic cells→ leads to increase K+ efflux and decrease in Ca influx → hyperpolarizes the cells→ increases the time for depolarization → decreases heart rate

47
Q

how does sympathetic nervous system accelerate the SA node

A

via beta adrenergic receptors, reduced repolarization, faster depolarization

48
Q

how does sympathetic nervous system modulate the force of heart contractions

A

increasing force of contractions increases stroke volume which increases cardiac output

49
Q

what is driving force of blood flow through the circulatory system

A

Pressure caused by ventricular ejection

50
Q

Blood pressure in different regions of circulatory system

A

highest BP is in the left ventricles then arteries, aterioles, capillaries, venules and the lowest BP is in teh veins

51
Q

Systolic pressure

A

highest arterial blood pressure, associated with ventricular contraction

52
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

lowest arterial blood pressure, associated with ventricular relaxation

53
Q

relationship btw MAP, CO, and resistance

A

Mean arterial pressure is the average blood pressure in the arteries across the cardiac cycle
Q=ΔP/R
CO= Mean arterial pressure/ Total peripheral resistance (TPR)
MAP= CO x TPR

54
Q

how is mean arterial pressure regulated

A

barroreceptors monitor blood pressure and signal to cardiovascular control center of medulla

55
Q

how is local blood flow controlled

A

by altering the diameter of the arterioles leading to the capillary beds

56
Q

Intrensic mechanisms of blood flow control

A

metabolic or myogenic controls, distribute blood flow to each individual organ and tissue as needed

57
Q

Extrensic mechanisms of control of blood flow

A

neutral or hormonal controls, maintain MAP, redistribute blood during exercise and thermoregulation

58
Q
A

Bio 225 (3 decks)

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