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Human Anatomy & Physiology Muscles > Muscle Physiology > Flashcards

Muscle Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Articulations

A

Where joints come together

Can be moveable joint or immoveable joint

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2
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Immovable joint

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3
Q

Sutural Joint

A

Joints of the skull

Immoveable, barely any movement

Example: Joints of the skull

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4
Q

Gomphosis

A

Joint in between the teeth, mandible, and maxilla.

Immoveable

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5
Q

Synchondrosis

A

Cartilage

Epiphyseal Plate. Growth Plate. No movement.

Still have cartilage in between the bones

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6
Q

Synostosis

A

Boney Fusion

3 Bones of the OS Coxa fused at the acetabulum

No movement at this joint. No growth Plate.

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7
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Continuous slightly moveable joint

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8
Q

Syndesmosis

A

Fibrous

Interosseus membrane in between the tibia and fibula

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9
Q

Symphasis

A

Cartilage

Pubic Symphasis

Slightly immoveable

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10
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely moveable joint

Commonly called synovial joint

Example: Hyaline Cartilage and synovial membrane, joint space, or joint capsule

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11
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

One of the four main tissue types

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12
Q

Muscles do one thing only

A

Contract

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13
Q

4 Main Tissue Types

A

Epithelial Tissue

Connective Tissue

Muscular Tissue

Nervous Tissue

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14
Q

Three Muscle Types in the Body

A

Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal Muscles

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15
Q

Locomotion

A

Muscles that allows us to move our body through space

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16
Q

Help Maintain Proper Temperature

A

Send blood to the parts of the body that needs it.

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17
Q

Maintain Proper Posture

A

Gravity is constantly pulling us down

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18
Q

Contraction of the Heart

A

Moves blood throughout the body. Propels or moves things through the body.

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19
Q

Guards Entrances and Exits Throughout the Body

A

Sphincters around the eyes, mouth, and at the other end

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20
Q

Protection of the Body

A

Protect from injuries and infections

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21
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

Voluntary and Striated

Fast Contracting

Conscience control of our muscle. Multi Nucleated and Striated

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22
Q

Cardiac Muscles

A

Involuntary and Striated

Push Blood through the Body

Intercalated discs. Gap Junctions.

Conduct electrical impulse from one cell to the next

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23
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Involuntary and not Striated

Actin and Myosin. Slow contracting

Move materials through the body

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24
Q

Superficial Fascia

A

Loose Connective tissue just below the skin that attaches the skin to the deeper tissues

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25
Q

Epimysium

A

Outer dense regular connective tissue

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26
Q

Perimysium

A

Wraps around muscle bundles

Called Fascicles

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27
Q

Fascicles

A

Muscle Bundles

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28
Q

Fasciculation

A

Small Eye Twitch

Contraction at one of the fascicles

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29
Q

Endomysium

A

Muscle Fiber. Muscle Cell

Predominantly Collagen Fiber

Multi-Nucleated

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30
Q

Myofibrils

A

Contractile units of the muscles fiber. Run from one end to the end of the muscle fibers.

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31
Q

Muscle Fiber Cell

A

Contractile units called Myofibrils

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32
Q

Myofibril

A

Travel from one end to the other

Functional unit of the cell

Contraction can shorten the muscle fiber or belly

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33
Q

Myoblasts

A

Immature Muscle Cell

Precursor Cells

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34
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Inner Membrane

Muscle cell membrane

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35
Q

Sarcoma

A

Cancerous or tumor from muscle tissue

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36
Q

Endomysium

A

Made out of collagen fiber

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37
Q

Nuclei

A

Inside the cell membrane around the perimeter

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38
Q

Satellite Cell

A

Muscle Blast Cell

Involved in muscle tissue repair and regeneration

Undergo mitotic activity to increase number of muscle cells to increase the number of muscle cells

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39
Q

Myofibrils

A

Connect end to end inside the muscle cell

Divided into repetitive units

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40
Q

Sarcomere

A

Repetitive Functional Component or unit of the myofibril

Goes from Z line to Z line

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41
Q

Z Lines

A

Separate one sarcomere from the next. Zig Zag lines

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42
Q

Microfilament

A

Small filaments

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43
Q

Myofilaments

A

Small muscle filaments

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44
Q

Actin

A

First of the group

Thin Contractile Filaments

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45
Q

Myosin

A

The thick contractile filaments

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46
Q

M Line

A

Backbone of the myosin

Attaches to the actin filaments

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47
Q

Z Line

A

Sarcomere goes from Z line to Z line

Attaches to the actin filaments

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48
Q

A Band

A

Represents all the myosin fibers

Edge to Edge of the myosin on one side to the other edge of the myosin

Includes zone of overlap

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49
Q

H Band

A

Represents only the myosin

Only have the myosin in the zone

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50
Q

I Band

A

Represents only the actin

Edge of the myosin to the other edge of the myosin

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51
Q

Zone of Overlap

A

Where actin and myosin overlap each other

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52
Q

Accessory Players

A

Viable to Proper Muscle Contraction

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Transverse Tubule - “T Tubule”

Terminal Cisternae

Triad

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53
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Sarco Means Muscle

Membranous network of tubules running through the muscle fiber that surrounds each myofibril

Function is to store calcium

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54
Q

Transverse Tubule “T-Tubule”

A

Tube that connects the sarcolemma directly with the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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55
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Comes in direct contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum and also the cell membrane

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56
Q

Terminal Cisternae

A

Enlarged ends of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Store most of calcium

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57
Q

Triad

A

T-Tubule and 2 Adjacent Terminal Cisternae

Reside over the Zone of Overlap

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58
Q

Good Storage Reservoir for Calcium

A

Bones. Steal Calcium from the bones to put it into the blood. Need it for muscle contractions.

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59
Q

Muscle Contraction

A

The Protein Filaments

Associated Molecules

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60
Q

The Protein Filaments

A

Contractile Filaments inside the muscle (myosin and actin can bind with each other under the right circumstances)

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61
Q

Myosin Protein Filament

A

The Thick Filament. ATP binds to the myosin head. Myosin head splits ATP into ADP and P which cocks the head into open and ready position

62
Q

Actin Protein Filament

A

The Thin Filament. Consists of two twisted protein stands with active sites located on these strands that allow it to bind with the myosin head

63
Q

Associated Molecules

A

Tropomyosin

Troponin

64
Q

Tropomyosin Associated Molecules

A

Filamentous (long) stand of protein that covers the active site on the actin when muscle is at rest. Prevents binding of actin and myosin

65
Q

Troponin

A

Globular Protein that attaches to tropomyosin. When calcium binds to the troponin, the troponin will rotate tropomyosin off of the active sites of the actin

66
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

A

States that actin and myosin slide over each other during muscle contraction

67
Q

The Contraction Cycle (5 Steps)

A
  1. Calcium ions bind to the troponin, rotating tropomyosin off the active site on the actin.
  2. Crossbridging occurs between the active site on the actin and the myosin head
  3. Myosin head pivots or ratchets toward the center of the sarcomere, pulling the Z Lines closer together causing contraction (ADP and P are released at this point)
  4. Crossbridging detachment - the bond remains intact until the myosin head binds with another ATP molecule. Rigor Mortis.
  5. Myosin Activation. The free myosin head splits the ATP into ADP and P which recocks the head again for the next cycle. The cycle stops when calcium levels return to low levels
68
Q

Rigor Mortis

A

There is no more ATP Production, so the muscle will remain contracted until the enzymes break it down

69
Q

The Neuromuscular Junction

A

Connects the nervous system to the muscular system via synapses between efferent nerve fibers and muscle fibers, also known as muscle cells.

70
Q

Nerve Impulse Perpetuation 6 Steps Causing Muscle Contraction

A
  1. The nerve impulse travels down the axon causing an influx of calcium into the synaptic knob which causes synaptic vessicles to fuse with nerve cell membrane.
  2. Vessicles dump neurotransmitters (acetylcholines) into the synaptic cleft.
  3. NT Binds to receptor sites on sarcolemma (Post Synaptic Membrane)
  4. NT Binds to receptor sites opening ion channels in receptor protein allowing sodium in to the muscle changing membrane polarity causing depolarization of the sarcolemma.
  5. This wave of depolarization travels over the surface of the sarcolemma and down into the T Tubules
  6. This causes the release of calcium from the terminal cisternae which causes the actin active sites to be exposed
71
Q

Muscle Fatigue

A

A Muscle is fatigued when it can no longer contract despite continued stimulus

72
Q

Aerobic Depletion

A

During aerobic activity muscle fatigue is due to depletion of glucose, not oxygen

73
Q

Anaerobic Depletion

A

During intense short bursts of exercise the oxygen usage exceeds oxygen availability

74
Q

Anaerobic Threshold

A

Boundary between aerobic energy usage (glucose and oxygen) and anaerobic energy usage (pyruvate)

75
Q

Muscle Restoration Period

A

Can take up to one week

76
Q

Muscle contraction of Muscle Mechanics

A

Latency Phase

Contraction Phase

Relaxation Phase

77
Q

Latency Phase

A

2 Milliseconds between beginning of nerve stimulation and start of muscle contraction. Action Potential is sweeping over sarcolemma and calcium is being released.

78
Q

Contraction Phase

A

20 milliseconds. When cross bridging occurs, increasing muscle tension, increasing intensity

79
Q

Relaxation Phase

A

Cytoplasmic calcium decreases, cross bridge detachment occurs and muscle tension decreases as well.

80
Q

All or None Principle

A

Either a motor unit fires or doesn’t fire. There is no in between regarding muscles.

81
Q

Graded Contractions

A

Muscle responses are actually graded contractions.

When we are contracting our muscles, we have smooth graded contractions. Can Fire quickly or move the muscles quickly, or can move slowly. Can exert tremendous amount of force or small amount of force

82
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Makes glucose, would happen during anaerobic depletion

83
Q

1:5 Nerve Fiber to Muscle Fiber Ratio

A

1 Nerve to 5 muscle fibers to allow dexterity, fine motor function, to move the eyeball in a certain pattern to focus in on something

84
Q

1: 2000 to 3000 Nerve Fiber to Muscle Fiber Ratio

A

Large ratio is for power. We need the large ratios to get away from bears. More motor units we can recruit the more forceful contraction we can get.

85
Q

Types of Muscle Contractions

A

Multiple Motor Unit Summation

Wave Summation

Incomplete Tetanus

Complete Tetanus

Treppe

86
Q

Muscle Motor Unit Summation

A

AKA Recruitment. It is a smooth and steady increase in muscle tension from increasing the number of active motor units

87
Q

Wave Summation

A

It is a second more powerful muscle stimulus arriving before the relaxation phase of the previous contraction has completely set in. Continuing to summate or add, but we see a wavelike pattern. Closest thing to wave summation is like a sewing machine.

88
Q

Incomplete Tetanus

A

A series of muscle contractions producing a peak tension during rapid cycles of contraction and relaxtion

Start to get fatigue and the leg of calf would start bouncing around something similar. Muscle stimulation.

89
Q

Complete Tetanus

A

A series of muscle contractions where the rate of stimulation is such that the relaxation phase has been eliminated.

90
Q

Treppe

A

A series of muscle contractions where the muscle is stimulated a second time immediately after the relaxation phase has ended. The following contraction will have a slightly higher tension due to calcium remaining outside the terminal cisternae.

Looks a lot like wave summations with a slight variance. The peak will be a little higher than the previous peak. With each successive contraction starts at 0.

91
Q

Muscle Tone

A

the resting tension within a muscle. All muscles should exhibit some type of muscle tone. 5-8% motor units are always firing, help maintain muscle tone.

92
Q

Function of Muscle Tone

A

Serves as a protective mechanism for the structures that travel through the muscle. Blood vessels and nerves are examples

93
Q

Isotonic Contractions

A

Tension in the muscles increases enough to overcome resistance that is weight and gravity. Allows muscle to shorten. Tension builds up enough to overcome resistance and allowing the muscle belly to shorten. Recruit enough to shorten muscle belly to lift up something

94
Q

Isometric Contractions

A

Tension in the muscle belly increases, but we’re not overcoming gravity or resistance so the muscle belly doesn’t shorten. For example lifting a car, can sit there all day long to contract the muscle and increase the tension within the muscle, but don’t change the position of the body and the car doesn’t move.

We’re not changing the shape or length of the muscle of the belly. Not changing the shape of the muscle, not shortening or lengthening of the muscle belly.

95
Q

Three types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

A

Fast Fiber - White Fiber

Slow Fiber - Red Fiber

Intermediate

96
Q

Fast Fiber - White Fiber

A

Majority of the muscle fibers (Skeletal)

All the muscles of the body have a overwhelming ratio of fast to slow fibers

Contract over 3 times the weight of the slow twitch. Can contract in about between .01 seconds. Larger in diameter. Packed with more myosin then actin.

Have more glycogen in them with fewer mitochondria

97
Q

Slow Fiber - Red Fiber

A

Half the diameter of the white fibers and will take 3 times as long to contract. Still fast. More mitochondria and less glycogen. They have an extensive capillary network. They have a protein pigment similar to hemoglobin within that muscle called Myoglobin. Myoglobin helps keep oxygen resident in the muscle cells. Bring and hold more oxygen in that cell.

98
Q

Myoglobin

A

Is a red pigment similar to hemoglobin

99
Q

Intermediate

A

Have properties of both fast and slow. Look like fast fibers, but resist fatigue better.

100
Q

Quadriceps Muscles

A

Allows us to get down and contract; Allow knee extension to occur. We have muscle belly’s that are shaped differently to overcome those narrow power arcs.

101
Q

Muscle Fiber Contraction

A

All muscle fibers have an optimum length for producing maximum contraction

102
Q

Muscle Fiber Contraction #1 Stretch Too Far

A

If you stretch too far, you do not have enough zone of overlap for forceful contraction

103
Q

Muscle Fiber Contraction #2 Near or at full contraction

A

Maximum Overlap - Full contraction all of the actin and myosin are completely overlapped, nowhere to go from here. Not an efficient position.

104
Q

Maximal Tension

A

This concept applies to entire muscle. All muscles have a small range of motion where maximal tension is reached. Applies to the entire muscle. All muscles have a small range of motion where maximal tension is reached. Example: Elbow.

105
Q

Line Of Drive

A

When we contract the muscle, what happens in the joint and the bones when we contract the muscle, the force being generated is actually compressing the joint. Not an effective position for generating a lot of force.

106
Q

Full Extension

A

Less tension generated due to less overlap of the filaments.

Full extension is not efficient because contraction compresses the joints together.

107
Q

Flexion

A

90% Optimum Angle or 90 Degree Angle. Optimum Zone of Overlap. More efficient. Line of drive is going vertical. More torque, more power.

108
Q

Full Flexion

A

3rd Position more distracting. 130 degree full flexion. We are at maximum zone of overlap. Maintain quite a bit of force. The line of drive is going back. Contraction starts to separate the joint. Not very efficient.

109
Q

Muscle Power Arcs

A

The range of motion or degrees where the muscle exerts most of its force. Muscles overcome the narrow ranges of motion where the muscle is most efficient by evolving different muscle shapes. It can be more efficient in different portions of the full range of motion of the muscle or externum

110
Q

Muscle Shapes

A

Parallel

Convergent

Unipennate

Bipennate

Circular

111
Q

Parallel Muscle Shape

A

The muscle fibers are all lined up in the same direction. Should fire through the entire range of motion of the extremity.

Example: Rectus Femoris, Biceps Brachii

112
Q

Convergent Muscle Shape

A

Fan Shape Muscle. All the fibers converge to one central tendon.

Example: Pectoralis muscle is a good example of convergent or fan shaped. A large belly and then it converges to a relatively small central tendon and it inserts into the upper arm

113
Q

Unipennate Muscle Shape

A

Looks like a feather.

Example: Extensor Digitorum

Function: Brain controls how this muscle contracts. So when we start contracting first, the other parts contracts first and as we continue to go through the range of motion, the middle portion contracts and then we get full contraction when the bottom portion contracts

114
Q

Bipennate Muscle Shape

A

is a pennate muscle type that consists of two rows of oblique muscle fibers, facing in opposite diagonal directions, converging on a central tendon.

Example: Gastrochnemius, Calf of Belly

115
Q

Circular Muscle Shape

A

Sphincters. Very common shape in the body. Attach to the deep fascia and into the skin. Muscles of facial expression originate and insert into the skin, or they can arrange for it to be off of the bone. Sphincters typically around the eye, mouth, and we call them sphincters.

116
Q

Three Classes of Biomechanical Levers

A

First Class

Second Class

Third Class

117
Q

First Class

A

Has the fulcrum between the resistance and the effort. Teeter totter.

Example: Human Body. Weight of the skull. Anterior to the fulcrum. Need a bunch of muscles (effort) at the back of the skull. Job is to pull the head back. Head balances of the skull.

118
Q

Second Class

A

Resistance is located in between the effort and the fulcrum

Example: Wheel barrel. Benefit of this in the human body. Allows the body to carry a lot of stuff with minimal effort. 2nd Class lever is powerful. The Foot. Resistance is the entire human body between the two points. Calf Muscles can lift entire body off the ground very easily even with one foot with the muscles because of its second class lever.

119
Q

Third Class

A

The effort is between the fulcrum and the resistance. Not very powerful but very fast. Large amount of movement out on the forearm and hands. Resistance of the entire weight of your arm. Not very powerful but it is very fast.

120
Q

Three parts of a muscle

A

Origin

Muscle Belly

Insertion

121
Q

Origin

A

beginning of muscle base, typically the most proximal portion, the immovable end of the attachment. Closest to the axial skeleton. Extremities as an example. Less moveable end of the attachment. Insertion will be distal. Pectoralis – Torso – the part that’s closest to the center of the body.

122
Q

Muscle Belly

A

the body or bulk of the muscle fibers where the muscle belly is.

123
Q

Insertion

A

the attachment site of a muscle that is typically at the distal end. Also the more movable end of the attachment sit away from the axial skeleton. Further away from the center or for more distal attachment. More moveable portions.

124
Q

Agonist ‘Prime Mover’

A

a muscle whose contraction is chiefly responsible for a particular movement or motion. (biceps-forearm flexion). Brachialis muscle is the primary mover or agonist for elbow flexion.

125
Q

Synergist

A

assists the prime mover. stabilizes during motion. Muscle that moves in conjunction with the primary mover. Biceps brachii will be the Synergist muscle. It will assist the brachialis for the elbow flexion.

126
Q

Antagonist

A

also prime movers, but their action opposes the agonist being considered. (forearm flexion-triceps). Work against primary mover - elbow flexion the antagonist muscle to elbow flexion is triceps for example. They Oppose prime motion.

127
Q

Rectus

A

Straight

128
Q

Medius

A

Medial

129
Q

Obliqus

A

Fibers run at an oblique angle

130
Q

Transversus

A

Fibers run transverse

131
Q

Superficialis

A

More Superficial

132
Q

Profundus

A

More Deep

133
Q

Superioris

A

Closer toward head

134
Q

Minimus

A

Smaller

135
Q

Maximus, Majorus

A

Larger

136
Q

Internus

A

Inside

137
Q

Brevis

A

Short

138
Q

Flexion

A

Reduces the angle between articular elements

139
Q

Extension

A

Increases the angle between articular elements

140
Q

Hyperextension

A

Extension which continues past the anatomical position

141
Q

Abduction

A

Refers to moving the distal end of an extremity or body away from the body or midline in a coronal plane

142
Q

Adduction

A

Refers to moving the distal end of an extremity or body part toward the body or midline in a coronal plane

143
Q

Rotation

A

Movement of a body part about its long axis

144
Q

Supination

A

Refers to the forearm, internal rotation of the palm, or rotation of the forearm about it’s long axis to the posterior palm position

145
Q

Circumduction

A

Active or passive circular movement of the limbs or eyes

146
Q

Depression

A

General Term, to lower a body part inferiorly

147
Q

Elevation

A

General term, to raise up a body part superiorly

148
Q

Protraction

A

Moving a body part backward in the horizontal plan

149
Q

Inversion

A

Refers to the ankle, turning the sole of the foot inward in a coronal plane

150
Q

Eversion

A

Refers to the ankle, turning the sole of the foot outward in a coronal plane

151
Q

Plantar Flexion

A

Refers to the foot and ankle, flexing the foot in a plant direction

152
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Refers to the foot and ankle, flexing the foot superiorly toward the head. Not called extension

Human Anatomy & Physiology Muscles (2 decks)

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