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Pathophysiology > Muscle (Mace) > Flashcards

Muscle (Mace) Flashcards

1
Q

Why is skeletal muscle striated?

A

Because the cells have alternating light and dark bands (called striations)

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2
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue is voluntary/involuntary

A

Voluntary (consciously controlled)

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3
Q

Describe the arrangement of skeletal muscle

A

Long, unbranched, cylindrical cells (skeletal muscle fibers), arranged in parallel bundles that run the length of the entire muscle

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4
Q

Skeletal muscle cells are/ are not multinucleated

A

Multinucleated- many nuclei are adjacent to the cell membrane

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5
Q

Where is skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Attached to bone, skin, surround the distal end of the digestive and urinary tract as sphincters

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6
Q

What does contraction of skeletal muscle do?

A

Moves bones, causes facial expression, controls defecation and urination

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7
Q

Describe cardiac muscle tissue

A

Short, branched, striated
One or two centrally located nuclei
Mitochondria rich
Cells closely packed in one direction

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8
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

In cardiac muscle tissue, the junction between cells that strengthens attachments between cells and promotes rapid conduction of electrical activity through cardiac cells

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9
Q

What structure is responsible for rapid conduction of electrical activity through cardiac cells?

A

Intercalated discs

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10
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue is involuntarily/voluntarily controlled

A

Involuntarily controlled

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11
Q

What is syncytium?

A

The syncytium of cardiac muscle is important because it allows rapid coordinated contraction of muscles along their entire length. Cardiac action potentials propagate along the surface of the muscle fiber from the point of synaptic contact through intercalated discs.

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12
Q

Describe smooth muscle tissue

A

Spindle shaped cells
Short, closely packed in one first
Unbranched
Single nuclei that is centrally located

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13
Q

Smooth muscle tissue does/does not have striations

A

Does not have striations- appears smooth

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14
Q

Where is smooth muscle tissue located?

A 
Walls of digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts 
Erector pili in the skin 
Surround the blood vessels 
Digestive tract 
Respiratory tract as sphincters
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15
Q

Smooth muscle tissue is voluntarily/ involuntarily controlled

A

Involuntarily controlled

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16
Q

What are some functions of smooth muscle tissue?

A 
Moves substances along internal passages (peristalsis) 
Erects hairs 
Controls blood flow and blood pressure 
Regulates air flow in lungs 
Controls urination and defecation
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17
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle?

A

Muscular contraction moving bone
Maintenance of posture
Protection and support abdominal and pelvic cavity, internal organs, maintain position
Storage and movement of materials- contract and relax sphincters
Heat production- heat is released when muscles contract

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18
Q

Muscle cells are organized into bundles called…

A

Fascicles

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19
Q

Each muscle contains…

A

Connective tissue
Blood vessels
Nerves

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20
Q

What are the three concentric layers of connective tissue?

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

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21
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

Layer of dense irregular CT, surrounds whole skeletal muscle

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22
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

Dense irregular CT surrounding the fascicles, contains extensive blood vessels and nerves supplying fibers

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23
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

Areolar CT, surrounds and electrically insulates each muscle fiber

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24
Q

What type of tissue are tendons?

A

Dense regular CT

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25
Q

What are the layers of a tendon?

A

Formed by the three connective tissue layers ?

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26
Q

What do tendons connect?

A

Muscle to bone
Muscle to skin
Muscle to muscle
(Bone to bone is a ligament)

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27
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Thin, flattened sheet of tendon with wide area of attachment formed from the three connective tissue layers- holds muscles together for functional enhancement

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28
Q

What is deep fascia?

A

Additional sheet of dense irregular CT

External to the epimysium

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29
Q

What is the function of deep fascia?

A

Separates individual muscles

Binds together muscles with similar functions, fills spaces between muscles

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30
Q

What is contained in Deep Fascia?

A

Contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels

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31
Q

What is a inter muscular septum?

A

Fascia separating muscles

32
Q

Endo- peri- and epimysium continue into…

A

Tendons

33
Q

How do bones move from muscle contraction?

A

When muscle cells contract, they pull on these CT wrappings, which in turn pull on the tendon, and therefore move the bones that they are attached to

34
Q

What cells are dominant cells in the muscle & contain contractile proteins?

A

Multinucleated muscle cells

35
Q

What type of cells have no contractile proteins and may be stimulated to differentiate for repairing the injured muscle multinucleated muscle cells

A

Satellite cells

36
Q

What is the name of the muscle cell membrane?

A

The sarcolemma

37
Q

What are t-tubules?

A

Transverse tubules- deep invaginations of sarcolemma, for transmitting nerve impulses from sarcolemma inward

38
Q

What structure is a tubular network around contractile proteins that can be considered to be a modified smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

39
Q

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum store to release during muscle contraction?

A

Calcium- it is released into the sarcoplasm during muscle contraction

40
Q

What are terminal cisternae?

A

Dilated ends of sarcoplasmic reticulum, serve as reservoirs for calcium ions

41
Q

What structure combines with the T tubules to form triads?

A

Terminal cisternae

42
Q

What is the reddish globular protein in the sarcoplasm?

A

Myoglobin

43
Q

What allows the muscle cells to store oxygen

A

Myoglobin

44
Q

What gives the muscle the red color?

A

Myoglobin

45
Q

The redder the muscle, the more ____ it contains

A

Myoglobin

46
Q

Where are Myofibrils located?

A

In the sarcoplasm

47
Q

What are Myofibrils?

A

Contractile proteins- special organelles that allow the muscle to contract

48
Q

What accounts for 80% of a muscle cell’s volume?

A

Myofibrils

49
Q

Each Myofibrils is composed of a bundle of _____ and ____ myofilaments

A

Thin and thick

50
Q

What structures in the Myofibrils are responsible for muscle contraction?

A

Thin and thick filaments

51
Q

Myosin ?

A
52
Q

What are thin filaments composed of?

A

Actin, tropomyosin, troponin- two strands of actin (protein), twisted around each other

53
Q

Each strand of actin is composed of many small spherical molecules called____

A

G-actin (globular actin)

54
Q

Where does the myosin head attach during contraction?

A

Myosin binding site on each g-actin

55
Q

What is tropomyosin?

A

Twisted “string like” protein, covers myosin binding sites in a noncontracting muscle

56
Q

What is troponin?

A

Globular protein attached to tropomyosin, binding site for Ca 2+

57
Q

What is a repeating functional unit of myofilaments called?

A

A sarcomere

58
Q

How are sarcomeres separated from each other?

A

Separated from one another by Z discs

59
Q

What are Z discs?

A

Specialized proteins perpendicular to myofilaments, anchors for thin filaments, separate sarcomeres from one another

60
Q

I bands contain only thin/only thick filaments

A

Only thin filaments

61
Q

I bands appear light/appear dark under a microscope

A

Appear light under a microscope

62
Q

At what point do I bands disappear?

A

Disappear at maximal muscle contraction because they are overlapping

63
Q

What is the central region of a sarcomere?

A

A band

64
Q

A bands contains entire thin/ entire thick filament

A

Entire thick filament

65
Q

A bands contain partially overlapping ____ filaments

A

Thin

66
Q

A bands appear dark/appear light under a microscope

A

Appears dark under a microscope

67
Q

What is the central portion of an A band called?

A

H zone

68
Q

Which zone has thick filaments only, no thin filament overlap

A

H zone

69
Q

The H zone disappears during….

A

Maximal muscle contraction

70
Q

What is the protein mesh work structure at the center of the H zone called?

A

M line

71
Q

M line is an attachment site for ____ filaments

A

Thick

72
Q

Where is the neuromuscular junction located?

A

Where somatomotor neuron innervates muscle

73
Q

Each muscle cell has ____ neuromuscular junctions

A

One

74
Q

What is included in the neuromuscular junction?

A

Synaptic knob, motor end plate, synaptic cleft

75
Q

What is the expanded tip of the axon called?

A

Synaptic knob

Pathophysiology (5 decks)

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