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Pathophysiology > Bone (Mace) > Flashcards

Bone (Mace) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the skeletal system?

A

Bones and cartilage

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2
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

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3
Q

Bones are what kind of connective tissue?

A

Osseous connective tissue

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4
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A

Compact bone tissue

Spongy bone tissue

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5
Q

What type of connective tissue are bones made out of?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

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6
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

Anchor bones to bones

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7
Q

What type of connective tissue are tendons made out of?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

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8
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A

Anchor muscles to bones

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9
Q

Cartilage is ____ connective tissue

A

Semi rigid

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10
Q

Cartilage is/ is not more flexible than bone

A

Is more flexible than bone

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11
Q

What is the semisolid matrix that cartilage is composed of?

A

Ground substance, collagen, and elastic fibers, but no calcium salt

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12
Q

What do chondroblasts produce?

A

Matrix

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13
Q

What are the little cavities that chondroblasts surround themselves in and then become trapped in called?

A

Lacunae

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14
Q

Once enclosed in the lacunae, the chondroblasts are called…

A

Chondrocytes

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15
Q

What is Perichondrium?

A

Sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds elastic and most hyaline cartilage

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16
Q

What does Perichondrium contain a reserve of?

A

Perichondrium contains a reserve population of chondroblasts that contribute to cartilage growth throughout life

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17
Q

Cartilage is avascular/vascular in its mature state

A

Avascular

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18
Q

What process brings nutrients and removes wastes in cartilage?

A

Diffusion

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19
Q

Why does cartilage heal slowly?

A

Because it is avascular and relies on diffusion to bring nutrients and remove wastes

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20
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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21
Q

How does hyaline cartilage appear in the matrix?

A

Glassy appearing

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22
Q

Hyaline cartilage contains invisible…

A

Fine collagen fibers

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23
Q

Hyaline cartilage is usually covered by…

A

Perichondrium

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24
Q

What are some locations that hyaline cartilage is found?

A 
Tip of nose 
Trachea and bronchioles 
Most of the Larynx 
Costal cartilage 
Articular cartilage 
Epiphyseal plate 
Fetal skeleton
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25
Q

What type of cartilage contains conspicuous weblike mesh of elastic fibers?

A

Elastic cartilage

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26
Q

Elastic cartilage is covered with…

A

Perichondrium

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27
Q

Elastic cartilage provides flexible, elastic, support in the…

A

Outer ear and epiglottis

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28
Q

Elastic cartilage is/is not associated with bones

A

Is not

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29
Q

Elastic cartilage has invisible/very visible elastic fibers in the matrix

A

Very visible elastic fibers in the matrix

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30
Q

What type of cartilage contains large, coarse parallel bundles of collagen fibers?

A

Fibrocartilage

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31
Q

Fibrocartilage does/ does not have perichondrium

A

Does not

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32
Q

Where is Fibrocartilage located?

A

Pubic symphysis
Menisci
Intervertebral discs

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33
Q

What is the function of Fibrocartilage?

A

Resist compression and absorb shock

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34
Q

What are the general functions of the bone?

A 
Provide structural support 
Serve as framework for the body 
Protect many delicate tissues
Movement
Hemopoiesis
Storage of mineral and energy reserves
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35
Q

The rib cage protects the…

A

Heart and lungs

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36
Q

The cranial bones protect the…

A

Brain

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37
Q

The vertebrae protect the…

A

Spinal cord

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38
Q

The pelvis protects the…

A

Urinary/reproductive organs and terminal end of the GI tract

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39
Q

Bones serve as attachment sites for….

A

Skeletal muscles, soft tissue, and some organs

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40
Q

The skeletal system serves as a system of…

A

Levers- muscle contraction exerting pull on the skeleton

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41
Q

The process of blood cell production occurs in…

A

The red bone marrow

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42
Q

What is hemopoiesis?

A

The process of blood cell production in the bone marrow

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43
Q

What does the bone marrow contain that forms red and white blood cells and platelets?

A

Stem cells

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44
Q

What minerals do bones store?

A

Most of the body’s reserve of calcium and phosphate are stored within the body and then released from bone into the blood as needed

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45
Q

What is stored in yellow bone marrow in the shafts of some adult bones?

A

Lipids

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46
Q

What is the name for the growth plate?

A

Epiphyseal plate

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47
Q

Where is the Epiphyseal plate located?

A

In the metaphysis

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48
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

Region of mature bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis

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49
Q

What type of cartilage is the epiphyseal plate made out of?

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage

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50
Q

What population are epiphyseal plates seen in?

A

Children

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51
Q

Epiphyseal plates provide for…

A

Continued lengthwise bone growth

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52
Q

In adults, the epiphyseal plate disappears and turns into the…

A

Epiphyseal line

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53
Q

The epiphyseal line is a remnant of the….

A

Epiphyseal plate

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54
Q

What is the tough sheath covering the outer surface of the bone called?

A

Periosteum

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55
Q

What type of connective tissue is periosteum?

A

Outer fibrous later of dense irregular connective tissue

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56
Q

What are the functions of the periosteum?

A

Protects bone from surrounding structures
Anchors blood vessels and nerves to the bone’s surface
Attachment site for ligaments and tendons

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57
Q

What does the inner layer of periosteum contain?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

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58
Q

What is the function of the endosteum?

A

Covers all internal surfaces of bone within the medullary cavity

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59
Q

What does the endosteum contain?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

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60
Q

The red bone marrow is also called… (2)

A

Myeloid tissue, hemopoietic tissue

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61
Q

What does the red bone marrow contain?

A

Reticular connective tissue, immature red blood cells, and fat

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62
Q

Where is red bone marrow located in children?

A

Spongy bone and in medullary cavities of long bones

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63
Q

Where is red bone marrow located in adults?

A

Portions of the axial skeleton- flat bones of skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, coxae
in proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

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64
Q

What is the product of red bone marrow degeneration called?

A

Yellow bone marrow

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65
Q

Yellow bone marrow is a ___ substance

A

Fatty

66
Q

Yellow bone marrow may convert back to red bone marrow during severe….

A

Anemia

67
Q

Bone tissue is the ___ most abundant connective tissue in the body

A

2nd

68
Q

What percentage of human body weight do the bones make up?

A

12-15%

69
Q

Bone is/ is not more solid than cartilage

A

Is more solid than cartilage

70
Q

Bones provide greater support than cartilage but are less…

A

Flexible

71
Q

Bones are composed of ____ and _____ like other connective tissue

A

Cells, matrix

72
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A

Compact bone tissue

Spongy bone tissue

73
Q

What are the four types of cells in bones?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

74
Q

What are Osteoprogenitor cells?

A

Stem cells

75
Q

What do Osteoprogenitor cells produce?

A

Cells that mature to become osteoblasts

76
Q

Where are Osteoprogenitor cells located?

A

In the periosteum and endosteum

77
Q

Osteoblasts are positioned on…

A

Bone surfaces

78
Q

Osteoblasts synthesize and secrete…

A

Osteoid

79
Q

What is osteoid?

A

Initial semisolid form of bone matrix that later calcifies

80
Q

Osteoblasts become ____ within the matrix that they produce

A

Entrapped

81
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts

82
Q

Osteocytes can/ cannot form matrix

A

Cannot- they have lost the ability to form matrix

83
Q

What relationship do osteocytes have with the bone matrix?

A

Maintain it

84
Q

What do osteocytes detect?

A

Mechanical stress on the bone

85
Q

What might osteocytes trigger?

A

May trigger deposition of new bone matrix

86
Q

describe osteoclasts

A

Large, mulinuclear, phagocytic cells

87
Q

What are osteoclasts derived from?

A

Fused bone marrow cells

88
Q

Where are osteoclasts located?

A

On bone surface

89
Q

What are osteoclasts involved in?

A

Breaking down bone

90
Q

The matrix of bone tissue is composed of ____ components and ____ components

A

Organic, inorganic

91
Q

What is osteoid composed of?

A

Collagen protein, proteoglycans, glycoproteins

92
Q

What is the organic component in the matrix of bone tissue?

A

Osteoid

93
Q

What gives bone its tensile strength by resisting stretching?

A

Osteoid

94
Q

What part of the matrix of bone tissue contributes to bone flexibility?

A

Osteoid (organic)

95
Q

What are the inorganic components in the matrix of bone tissue?

A

Crystals of calcium phosphate called hydroxyapatite

96
Q

In addition to hydroxyapatite, the inorganic components contained in the matrix of bone tissue include…

A

Calcium carbonate, sodium, and magnesium ions

97
Q

Where do the crystals deposit in the matrix of bone tissue?

A

Around the collagen fibers of the inorganic components

98
Q

What is the function of the inorganic components in the matrix of bone tissue?

A

Harden the matrix and account for relative rigidity of bones

99
Q

The correct proportion of organic to inorganic substances in the matrix of bone tissue…

A

Is important! Allows for optimal functioning

100
Q

What does a loss of protein in the matrix of bone tissue result in?

A

Brittle bones

101
Q

What does insufficient calcium result in?

A

Soft bones

102
Q

What makes up compact bone tissue? (8)

A 
Osteons 
Central canals 
Perforating canals 
Concentric lamellae 
External circumferential lamellae 
Internal circumferential lamellae 
Interstitial lamellae 
Canaliculi
103
Q

Osteons are also called…

A

Haversian systems

104
Q

Osteons are small, _____ structures

A

Cylindrical

105
Q

What is the basic functional and structural unit of mature compact bone?

A

Osteon

106
Q

Osteons are oriented to be parallel to ______

A

Bone diaphysis

107
Q

The central Canal is a ____ channel

A

Cylindrical channel

108
Q

Describe the position of the central canal?

A

Lies at the center of the osteon and runs parallel to it

109
Q

What is contained in the central canal?

A

Blood vessels and nerves

110
Q

Perforating canals are also called….

A

Volkmann canals

111
Q

What is contained in the perforating canals?

A

Blood vessels and nerves

112
Q

Perforating canals run perpendicular/ parallel to the central canals?

A

Perpendicular

113
Q

Other than housing blood vessels and nerves, what is the function of the Volkmann canals?

A

Help connect multiple central canals with different osteons

114
Q

What are the rings of matrix that surround the central canal called?

A

Concentric lamellae

115
Q

What are the rings of matrix that run immediately internal to bone periosteum called?

A

External circumferential lamellae

116
Q

What are the rings of matrix that run internal to the endosteum?

A

Internal circumferential lamellae

117
Q

What are the rings of matrix in between the osteons called?

A

Interstitial lamellae

118
Q

What are the tiny interconnecting channels within bone connective tissue called?

A

Canaliculi

119
Q

Where do Canaliculi extend from?

A

Extend from each lacuna, travel through the lamellae

120
Q

What do Canaliculi connect?

A

Connect to other lacunae and central Canal

121
Q

What do Canaliculi house?

A

Osteocytes projections permitting intercellular contact

122
Q

What is the function of Canaliculi?

A

Allow travel of nutrients, minerals, gases, and wastes between blood vessels and osteocytes

123
Q

There are/there are not osteons in spongy bone tissue?

A

No osteons

124
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

A lattice of rods and plates in spongy bone tissue

125
Q

The space in between trabeculae is filled with…..

A

Bone marrow

126
Q

What is the function of trabecular in spongy bone?

A

To form a mesh work of crisscrossing bars that provide great resistance to stresses

127
Q 
Which of the following do trabeculae contain...
Parallel lamellae 
Canaliculi connecting lacunae
Central canals 
Perforating canals
A

Parallel lamellae
Canaliculi connecting lacunae
(They do not contain central canals or perforating canals)

128
Q 
Which of the following do trabeculae not contain...
Parallel lamellae 
Canaliculi connecting lacunae
Central canals 
Perforating canals
A

They do not contain central canals or perforating canals

129
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A

Bone remodeling is a continual process of bone deposition and resorption

130
Q

Bone remodeling does/ does not continue throughout adulthood

A

Does continue through adulthood

131
Q

Where does bone remodeling occur?

A

Occurs at periosteal and endosteal surfaces surfaces of a bone

132
Q

Bone remodeling occurs at different rates depending on the locations, the distal part of the femur gets replaced every ______ whereas the diaphysis of the femur_______.

A

Distal replaces every 4-6 months

Diaphysis of femur is not completely replaced over a lifetime

133
Q

What percentage of the adult skeleton is replaced yearly?

A

20%

134
Q

What is bone remodeling dependent on?

A

Dependent on the coordinated activities of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

135
Q

What is the relative activity of the cells involved in bone remodeling influenced by?

A

Mechanical stress and the hormones the bones receive

136
Q

In bone remodeling, where does the mechanical stress result from?

A

Muscle contraction and gravitational forces (weight bearing exercises)

137
Q

How is mechanical stress in bone remodeling detected?

A

Detected by osteocytes

138
Q

After mechanical stress is detected by osteocytes, where is it communicated to?

A

Communicated to the osteoblasts

139
Q

After being communicated to the osteoblasts, what is their role in the bone remodeling process?

A

Increase the synthesis of osteoid, followed by the deposition of mineral salts

140
Q

What is the role of growth hormone in bone remodeling?

A

It stimulates the liver to produce another hormone, somatomedin, both stimulating the growth of cartilage in the epiphyseal plate

141
Q

What is the role of thyroid hormone in bone remodeling?

A

Stimulate metabolic rate of osteoblasts

142
Q

What is the role of calcitonin in bone remodeling?

A

Stimulates calcium deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity

143
Q

What is the role of PTH in bone remodeling?

A

Causes bone loss (bone resorption) by stimulating osteoclast activity

144
Q

What are the role of the sex hormones, estrogen and testosterone, in bone remodeling?

A

Stimulates osteoblast activity, stimulate growth of the epiphyseal plate

145
Q

What is the role of glucocorticoids in bone remodeling?

A

Increase bone loss, impair growth at the epiphyseal plate in children

146
Q

What is the role of serotonin in bone remodeling?

A

Inhibits osteoprogenitor cells from differentiating into osteoblasts when there are chronically high levels

147
Q

Bone formation begins with…

A

The secretion of osteoid

148
Q

Bone formation begins with secretion of osteoid and proceeds with…

A

Calcification when hydroxyapatite crystals are deposited- calcium and phosphate ions are precipitated out, forming crystals

149
Q

What is required for enhancing calcium absorption from the GI tract?

A

Vitamin D

150
Q

What is required for collagen formation?

A

Vitamin C

151
Q

What is required for calcification?

A

Calcium and phosphate

152
Q

In bone resorption, bone matrix is destroyed by substances released from _____

A

Osteoclasts

153
Q

In bone resorption, what do the lysosomes in osteoclasts release to break down bone?

A

Proteolytic enzymes

154
Q

What are calcium and phosphate dissolved by in bone resorption?

A

Hydrochloric acid

155
Q

What may occur when blood calcium is low?

A

Bone resorption

156
Q

What are the sources of Vitamin D in the Vitamin D pathway?

A 
UV light 
Dietary intake (milk)
157
Q

What is the first step in the Vitamin D pathway?

A

The precursor molecule is converted to Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

158
Q

What is the other name for Vitamin D3?

A

Cholecalciferol

159
Q

What is the second step in the Vitamin D pathway?

A

Vitamin D3 is converted to calcidiol in the liver (when an OH group is added)

160
Q

What is the third step in the Vitamin D pathway?

A

Calcidiol is converted to calcitriol in the kidney when another OH group is added

161
Q

KNOW Ca regulation vitamin D PTH negative feedback pathway

A

Pathophysiology (5 decks)

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