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Bio 206 > Muscle (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Muscle (Exam 2) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the three types of muscle

A

smooth
cardiac
skeletal

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2
Q

What is an example of smooth muscle?

is it voluntary or involuntary?

A

walls of the GI tract, respiratory system, most blood vessels and arrector pili muscle
involuntary

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3
Q

what is an example of cardiac muscle?

voluntary or involuntary

A

proximal wall of aorta and pulmonary trunk

involuntary

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4
Q

what makes smooth muscle unique?

A

spindle shaped

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5
Q

what make cardiac muscle unique?

A

interculated disc on in

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6
Q

what makes skeletal muscle unique?

A

long, unbranched fibers with cross striators peripheral nucleii

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7
Q

what is the ct tissue that surrounds a single muscle fibers

A

endomysium

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8
Q

ct tissue that surrounds a fascicle of fibers?

A

perimysium

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9
Q

ct tissue that surrounds whole muscle?

A

epimysium

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10
Q

one myosin filament is made up of myosin protien on the end (head) there is

A

powerful ATPase enzymes

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11
Q

what is the first step of the ones taught that make muscle contract

A

neurotransmitter docks on chemically gated protein channel -> open and Na+ rushes into the muscle cell

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12
Q

what is the second step of the ones taught that make muscle contract?

A

inside cell becomes positive this attracks electrons from nearbby making the nearby less negative on inside

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13
Q

what is the third step of the ones taught that make muscles contract

A

nearby ions become positve with and influx of Na+

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14
Q

what is the fourth step of the ones taught that cause muscle contraction

A

positive charge inside the muscle cell is actually carried into the cell via T tubules

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15
Q

what do terminal cisternae do?

A

powerful pump that constantly pump Ca++

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16
Q

1 terminal cisternae plus T tubule pulse other termial cisternae is called?

A

triad

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17
Q

what happens when ATP is attached to ATP-ase on myosin head?

A

it cocks the myosin (straighten it)

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18
Q

where does the energy of cocking comes from?

A

ATP–> ADP + phosphate energy

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19
Q

when does myosine “fire”?

A

head binds to actin

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20
Q

what is the fifth step taught that makes muscle contract

A

Na++ turns off the Ca++ pumps in terminal cisternae Ca++ floods out into the sarcoplasm (cell cytoplasm of a muscle) by diffusion

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21
Q

what is the sixth step of muscle contraction?

A

Ca++ binds to troponin –> troponin releases its hold on the actin –> whole tropoonin –> tropomyosin complex sllides along the actin exploring active site

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22
Q

what is the seventh step of muscle contraction?

A

myosin head immediately binds to actin active site and fires causing new ATP to relplace the old and breakes the myosin actin bridge and re-cocks the myosin

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23
Q

what is Rigor mortis?

A

when death occurs –> no blood circulation, No O2 or nutrients to cell causing ATP to run out in a few hours sarcoplas reticulum can no longer pump in causing the myosin-actin bridge to no longer be broken and muscle lock up until they decompose 1-6 days later

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24
Q

what is myasthenia graves?

A

auto-immune disease that cause antibpdies that block the neurotransmitter receptors sites

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25
Q

what is lock jaw (tetanus)

A

caused by clostridium tetani anaeerobic baccterium and secretes a toxin that surpresses GABA which is the neurotransmitter of inhibitory neurons

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26
Q

what is titin?

A

(tiny spring) that keeps the actin and myosin filament lined up

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27
Q

what is nebulin?

A

runs down each core of actin strand its function is to hold each actin strand together and keep it straight

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28
Q

what is the definiton of motor unit?

A

on motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innerveates

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29
Q

what single stimulus cause?

A

a “twitch” in each fiber innovate

30
Q

if more and more motor unit in the muscle fiber –>

A

the stronger the force the muscle will generate “recruitement”

31
Q

what does the strength of contracted depend on?

A
  1. total number of motor units

2. individual number of times each fired

32
Q

whats an example of a slow twitch?

A

soleus

33
Q

what is an example of a intermediate twitch?

A

gastronemius

34
Q

what is an example of fast twitch?

A

extresic eye muscle

35
Q

what is the def of treppe?

A

repeated stimulus of a muscle give greater and greater strength of contraction, but always goes to zero tension between contraction

36
Q

what is def. of wave summation?

A

repeated stimulation of muscle given greater and greather strength of contraction but stimuli is so rapid that it does not go to the zero between stimulus

37
Q

what is the def of muscle tone?

A

the normal tension and firmness of a muscle at rest

38
Q

what are the two tyeps of muscle contractions?

A
  1. isotonic contrations

2. isometric contrations

39
Q

what is isotonic contration? Def?

A

equal tension

muscle tension rises until muscle length changes

40
Q

what are the types of isotonic contraction?

A
  1. concentric isotonic ; tension exceeds the load and muscle shortens
  2. eccentric isotonic; peak tension is less than the load (muscle elongates)
41
Q

what is isometric contraction? def?

A

equal measure
muscle as a whole does not change in length
Ex. carry a bag of groceries, postural muscle do this all the time

42
Q

what is prime mover?

A

Agonist= muscle that produce principle movement at joint

EX. biceps branchii

43
Q

what is synergist?

A

muscle that assist the prime mover

Ex. bronchialis

44
Q

what is antagonist?

A

muscle that produces the opposite movent at a joint

Ex. tricep branchis

45
Q

what is fixator?

A

fixes the lever arm system (stabilizes)

Ex. pectoralis/ deltoid

46
Q

Powering muscle contraction at rest what happens

A

Fatty acid and glucose cataobolize plenty O2 and more ATP is produced than is need transferring phosphate and some energy to creatine

47
Q

powering muscle contraction at moderate activity

A

glucose and fatty acid produce sufficent ATP

48
Q

powering muscle contraction at peak (severe activity)

A

not enough O2 to allow aerobic respiration most ATP comes from anaerobic from glycolysis

49
Q

in anaerobic glycolysis and whats it burn?

A

Most ATP comes from this

creatine phosphate

50
Q

what characteristic of fast fibers (fast twitch; white fibers)

A 
lg. diameter
packed with actin and myosin
contains lg. resever of glycogen
few mitochodria
very powerful contraction 
fatigue quickly
51
Q

what are characteristics of slow fibers (slow twitch; red fibers)

A

continue to contract long after fast fibers
surrounded by network of capillaries (O2 supply)
contains lots of myoglobin

52
Q

what does myoglobin do?

A

store O2 in the muscle

53
Q

can you go grom fast to slow fibers?

A

no but can go to intermediate fibers

54
Q

characteristic of intermediate fibers?

A

intermediate in diameter
low myoglobin
intermediate lvl of capillaries
use primarily carbohydrates

55
Q

what does tension a muscle produce depend on ?

A

muscle shape

56
Q

what do most muscle contain?

example?

A

parallel fibers have ability to contract about 30-40% of resting length 50lbs/sq in
Rectus abdominis

57
Q

(||||)

| | Example

A

less local movement MUCH greater force

pectoralis major

58
Q

(@) Example

A 
close something (mouth)
obicularis oris
59
Q

Uni- pennate Example of this muscle shape?

A

Extensor digitorium

60
Q

Bi- pennate shape

Example?

A

central tendon with fibers coming in at an angle on both sides
Rectus femoris

61
Q

what is Multi Pennate shape?

A

less local movement but HUGELY greater force

Deltoid

62
Q

what happens with Sharpey’s fibers?

A

weakes part where fibers attach to bone

usually where strain happens

63
Q

what are some diffences of cardiac muscle have?

A

shorter T tubules
sarcoplasmic reticulum end NOT expanded interminal cisternae
Na++ influx causes Ca++ to be released from SR but also promotes Ca influx from outside
Does not need nervous stimulation
totally dependent on aerobic metabolism

64
Q

what is a heart attach

A

lack of no O2

65
Q

what is funtionaly syncytium?

A

even though there are many act as one

66
Q

what are differences of smooth muscle?

A

has actin and myosin
Does not have T tubules
Ca++ in cytoplasm
nerve stimulation or pacesetter cells

67
Q

in Smooth muschle what happens with the Ca++ in cytoplasm?

A
  1. binds with calmodulin in sarcoplasm
  2. binding activates myosin light-chained kinase
    ATP –> ADP +phoshate +energy
68
Q

def of cardiovascular system?

A

circulation sytem made up of a
pump (heart)
conducting system (blood vessels)
fluid transport mechanism (blood)

69
Q

what is blood?

A

perfectly good ct

70
Q

what is the composition of blood?

A

cells –> RBC, WBC, platelets
matrix –> liquid blood plasma
fibers–> fibrinogen- become fibrin only during clots

Bio 206 (8 decks)

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