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Bio 206 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Factors that influence HR

A
  1. Blood pressure divided sensed by baroreceptors
  2. O2 and CO2 lvl sensed chemoreceptors
  3. Arterial reflex (=brainbridge) special stretch receptors in rt. atrium and where vena cava comes back to heart
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2
Q

Factors that increase stoke volume?

A
  1. filling time
  2. venus returns during ventricle diastole response to certain things
  3. Preload
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3
Q

Da toes that ^ stoke volume —-> venous return during ventricle diastole changes in response to what?

A

Total blood volume
Skeletal activity
In response to CO2

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4
Q

What is the definition of preload

A

The degree of ventricular stretching during diastole which effects the ability of muscle cells to contract

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5
Q

Cardiac out put =

A

Heart rate x Stoke volume

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6
Q

change in pressure =

A

pressure at the heart - pressure at the capillaries

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7
Q

force of blood flow =

A

change of pressure/resistance

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8
Q

what are the three things resistance is due to?

A
  1. vascular resistance(friction between the following blood and walls of blood vessels)
  2. viscosity of blood(usualy 4x thicker than water)
  3. turbulance(swirling action that disrupts normal blood flow)
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9
Q

arterial blood pressure

A

peak BP during ventricular systole (120mmHg)

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10
Q

diastole blood pressure

A

minimum arterial pressure taken during ventricular diastole (80mmHg)

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11
Q

what is the definition of pulse pressure?

A

difference between sytolic and diastolic pressure

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12
Q

what is the definition of Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

A

diastolic pressure +1/3 pulse pressure

Ex. 80+13 =93

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13
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. protects against microscopic organism that cause disease
  2. within the immune system, individual cells respond to toxin – abnormal cells of your own body
  3. 15% of water and dissolved water/materials that go to your circulatory capillaries (Not recovered)
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14
Q

lymphatic capillaries –> lg. lymph nodes –> thoracic duct –> left subclavian vein

A

order of lymphatic system

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15
Q

what part of the body that dump into the right lymphatic duct

A

rt. subclavicular vein

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16
Q

what are the post capillary venules?

A

gate way between lymphatic and circulatory system

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17
Q

subcapsular sinsus contains what?

A

macrophages and dendtrite cells

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18
Q

outer cortex of lymph nodecontains what?

A

B lymphocytes in germinal centers

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19
Q

inner cortex of lymph node contains what?

A

T lymphocytes

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20
Q

medulla of lymph node contains

A

B cells and Plasma cells

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21
Q

artery -> sm. artery -> arterioles -> capillaries -> post capillary venules -> lg. vein -> larger veins —-> out

A

is the process of lymph

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22
Q

whats significant about lymphatic capillaries?

A

cells over lap –>basement membrane is incomplete these are anchoring collagen fibers

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23
Q

what causes the door way of a lymphatic cap. to open?

how water and “bad” guys get in

A

interstial fluid pressure increase caused by histamines from most cells and basophils

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24
Q

what are the three type of lymphocytes?

A
  1. T lymphocytes
  2. B lymphocytes
  3. NK lymphocytes
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25
Q

what do T lymphocytes do?

A

conditioned and processed in thymus gland
long lives (mon. to yr.) contain cytolytic cells
and part of the cell mediated immunity

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26
Q

what are cytolytic cells?

A

they lyse foreign cells

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27
Q

what do B lymphocytes do?

A

conditioned and processed in bone marrow
short lived- weeks to months
diffrentiated into plasma cells after which plasma cells produce antibodies (=immunoglobulins)
responsible for “humeral immunity”

28
Q

what do NK lymphocytes do?

A

processed and conditioned by bone marrow
action: kill abnormal cells that belong to you
Ex. cancer cells and cells of your body that have been taken over by viruses

29
Q

what happens when infection occurs? step one

A
  1. neutrophils –> phagocytize until they die –> pus (the pus attracks other cells)
    .
30
Q

what happens when infection occurs part two

A
  1. macrophages arrive–> encounter and phagocytize in great numbers
    2a. “present” antigens from the invader on its own surface mixed with its own glycoproten
    2b. secretes interleukin I pyrogenic- increase T–> attracks and activates helper T cells
31
Q

what happens when infection occurs part three

A

activated helper T’s divide and produce
A. interleukin 2(stimulates killer T cells to divide
B. BCGF(B cell Growth Factor) –>stimulates nearby B cells to multiply

32
Q

Helper T does what in infection process?

A

reads the antigen plus the glycoclyx of macrophages together theses are called the histocompatability matrix —> determine if the T cells become activated.

33
Q

what is the forth step in infection process?

A

eventually helper T cells produce BCDF(B cell diffrentate factor) and B-cell turn into plasma cells(produce antibodies for antigen.

34
Q

what is the final step in infection?

A

Helper T cells produce interferon which
A. enrages the macrophages increasing phagocytosis
B. increases the ability of plasma cells to prodcue antiboidies
C. stimulate T cells to -> activate completely causing lysis of foreign cells –> produce toxic lymphocide

35
Q

what is lymphocide?

A

kills foreighn cells and causes macrophages to eat the

36
Q

how do you shut down the infection process?

A

suppressor T cells are produced by directio of the helper T cells –> producing suppressor factor –> slow everything down

37
Q

Memory T and Memory B carry

A

memory of antigen giving you aquired or adaptive immunity

38
Q

innate immunity is?

A

present at birth

39
Q

Humoral Immunity special pathway Step 1?

A

B lymphocytes recognize a pathogen when antibodies on the surface of the B cell bind to that pathogen’s antigens

40
Q

Humoral Immunity special pathway Step 2

A

antigen/antibodies complex is taken into the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides

41
Q

Humoral Immunity special pathway Step 3

A

peptides are pushed to the surface of B cells and displayed along with its own glycocolyx call major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

42
Q

Humoral Immunity special pathway Step 4

A

A helper T comes along and reads the MHC and becomes activated –> lymphocines to relase which act on local B cells.

43
Q

Humoral Immunity special pathway Step 5

A

Local B cells divide and diffrentiate into plasma cells

44
Q

Humoral Immunity special pathway Step 6

A

plasma cells produce antibodies to the antigen

45
Q

Humoral Immunity special pathway Step 7

A

memory B cells develope- retain a memory of the antigen

46
Q

what is an antibody exactly

A

2 heavy and 2light chains held together by disulfide and covalent bond

47
Q

what are the five kinds of antibodies? (=immunoglobulins)

A
  1. IgA
  2. IgG
  3. IgM
  4. IgE
  5. Ig D
48
Q

where do you find IgA antibodies do?

A

10-15%

found in resp. tract (nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, eyes ears, digestive tract and vagina).

49
Q

where do you find IgG antibodies?

A

75-85%

all major body fluids. fight bacteria and viral infection in those fluids. ONLY kind that cross placenta

50
Q

where do you find IgM antibodies?

A

5-10%

largest antibody. first antibody made by plasma cells in response to infection in blood lymph.

51
Q

where do you find IgE?

A

lungs, skin, mucus membrane

Specialty allergy to pollen, fungi, and spore

52
Q

where do you find IgD?

A

found in the tissue that line the chest and belly unknown function/

53
Q

NK killers function?

A

rejection of tumors
kill cells of your body that have been infected
use perforin and granuzymes to destroy protein on surface of cell and within

54
Q

what are cytokines?

A

chemical messanger that must be released for and NK cell to come help
interleukin 12,15,and 18

55
Q

lymph vesses divide into

A

1, superficial lymph vessel-skin, mucous membrane, serous membrane

  1. deep lymph vessels- deeper in body- accompany arteries and veins.
  2. special lymph capillaries = lacteals- in wall of gut (named because they transport triglyceride to blood- look “milky white”)
56
Q

what is MALT in lymph system?

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

Ex. Peyer’s {atches in ileum –> not an organ just a bunch of lymphocytes clustered together in mucosa

57
Q

what does the spleen do?

A
  1. Phagocytize worn-out RBC
  2. stores and releases iron form damaged RBC
  3. in responce to antigen- intiates the immune response (giant lymph node)
58
Q

what are the two distinct areas of the spleen

A
  1. red pulp –> many RBC’s and free fixed macrophages that scan RBC
  2. white pulp –> resemble a lymph node
59
Q

blood flows into the spleen via

A

arteries –> arterioles –> trabecular arteries –> central arteries(white pulp) –> penicillar arteries –> sinusoids (red pulp) –> venules –> veins

60
Q

what does the thymus do?

A

specialized as a lymph organ; condition T lymphocytes become killer T and such
deteriorates after puberty
largest at two years old –> divides in to thymic lobes each lobe is divided into lobules each lobules has cortex and medulla

61
Q

thymus cortex dos what?

A

has specialized cells called reticuloepitheal cells
maintains a blood/thymus barrier
secretes thymic horomones (thymosin) that condition T-lymphocytes

62
Q

what does the thymus medulla do?

A

also has reticular epithelial cells fold into special round Hassal’s corpuscles.

63
Q

complement immune function

A

25 protein that float in blood plasma they complement the action of B and T lymphocytes

64
Q

what are the two ways the complement protiens are turned on?

A
  1. classified pathaway –> IgG or IgM antibodies attached to antigen turn them on
  2. alternate pathway - No antibodies necessary the protein identify foreign invaders and turn themselves on
65
Q

what are three examples of attack?

A
  1. increase opsonization (increase phagocytic activity by macrophages)
  2. attract mast cells and basophils (inflamation)
  3. cause T and NK lymphocytes to secrete granulysin and perforins

Bio 206 (8 decks)

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