Muscle, Bone, Lung and Cardiovascular Anatomy Flashcards
What are the four curvatures of the spine?
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral
Axial skeleton consists of?
- Vertebrae
- Skull
- Rib cage
- Sternum
Appendicular skeleton consists of?
- Arms
- Legs
- Pelvic girdle
- Pectoral girdle
Four functions of bone are?
- Support structure and protects organs
- Storage to maintain Ca and Phosphate
- Produces red blood cells
- Serves as levers for muscles and tendons to attach to
List the four bone shapes, give an example for each.
- Long bones (Femur, epiphyses and diaphysis)
- Flat bones (Rib, broad and thin)
- Short bones (Hand/ cuboid, articular surface covering)
- Irregular bones (Vertebrae, complex in form)
Four functions of connective tissue are?
- Provide support and protection.
- Mechanical energy reserve stores
- Transport materials
- Perform reg. functions
List the three structural classes of articulations and give an example for each.
- Fibrous joint (sutures of skull)
- Cartilaginous joint (vertebral disc)
- Synovial joint (knee, shoulder)
List the three functional classes of articulations and give an example for each.
- Immovable (synarthroses, skull)
- Slightly movable (amphiarthroses, vertebrae)
- Freely movable (diathroses, synovial joints)
List types of synovial joints and provide an example for each.
- Ball and socket (hip, elbow)
- Saddle (thumb)
- Pivot (atlas and axis)
- Gliding (ankle)
- Condyloid (wrist, radiocarpal)
Where does communication between neuron and fiber occur in the skeletal muscle system?
At the neuromuscular junction
Define where the skeletal muscles starts and ends.
The muscle origin is at the proximal attachment, and the muscle insertion is at the distal attachment.
List the three muscle classifications in terms of movement.
- Agonist - the prime mover
- Antagonist - opposes the prime mover
- Synergist - assists the prime mover
All arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, excluding…?
The pulmonary artery.
List the sequence in which blood flows from the periphery.
Superior/inferior vena cava; right atrium; tricuspid valve; right ventricle; pulmonic semilunar valve; pulmonary arteries; lungs.
List the sequence in which blood flows from the lungs.
Left pulmonary vein; left atrium; bicuspid (mitral) valve; left ventricle; aortic semilunar valve; aorta ascending; systemic circulation.
What does the upper and lower respiratory tract consist of?
Upper: nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx.
Lower: trachea and lungs (bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar)
Name the anatomical landmark which separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity.
The respiratory muscle of the diaphragm
List the sequence of which air flow occurs/ enters the body.
- External nares; nasal cavity; sinuses.
- Internal nares warm, filter and moisten air.
- Cilia sweep mucus and trap dust.
- Air continues through esophagus and moves toward tracheobronchial tree.
What is the function of the C-shaped cartilages of the trachea?
- Protect, support, maintain open airway.
- Prevents overexpansion.
- Allows food to pass along esophagus.
List the three common sites for measuring pulse.
- Brachial
- Radial
- Carotid
List the seven sites for girth/ body circumference measures
- Arm - tricpes/ biceps
- Waist
- Legs - medial thigh
- Chest
- Hips - glutes
- Calves - medial
- Forearm (not always)
List accessory and principle muscles responsible for breathing?
Principle: Diaphragm, parasternal, external intercostal muscles.
Accessory: sternocleidomastoid, scalenes
What are the muscles involving active breathing?
Abdominal muscles (rectus fem, external/internal oblique) and internal inercostals
