Biomechanics

Question 1

What are the cardinal planes?

Answer 1

Saggital plane: flexion/extension right/left (mediolateral)
Frontal plane: anterior/ posterior
Transverse plane: superior/inferior

Question 2

FLEXION: movement, definition, plane of motion/ axis.

Answer 2

Decreases angle of joint, sagittal plane on mediolateral axis

Question 3

EXTENSION: movement, definition, plane of motion/ axis.

Answer 3

Increases angle of joint, sagittal plane on mediolateral axis

Question 4

ADDUCTION: movement, definition, plane of motion/ axis.

Answer 4

Movement towards the midline, frontal plane on anteroposterior axis

Question 5

ABDUCTION: movement, definition, plane of motion/ axis.

Answer 5

Movement away from midline, frontal plane on anteroposterior angle

Question 6

ROTATION: movement, definition, plane of motion/ axis.

Answer 6

Movement around longitudinal axis, transverse plane, either toward (internal) or away (external from midline

Question 7

CIRCUMDUCTION: movement, definition, plane of motion/ axis.

Answer 7

Combination flexion extension, add/abduction. Describes a cone

Question 8

PRONATION: movement, definition, plane of motion/ axis.

Answer 8

Rotational movement, transverse plane about longitudinal axis

Question 9

SUPINATION: movement, definition, plane of motion/ axis.

Answer 9

Rotational movement, transverse plane about longitudinal axis

Question 10

PLANTARFLEXION: movement, definition, plane of motion/ axis.

Answer 10

Extension at the ankle

Question 11

DORSIFLEXION: movement, definition, plane of motion/ axis.

Answer 11

Flexion at the ankle

Question 12

When measuring GRF, what are the three directions:

Answer 12

1. Vertical
2. Mediolateral
3. Anteroposterior

Question 13

How are the forces which influence movement classified?

Answer 13

1. Friction
2. Muscular
3. Reaction

Question 14

What effects muscular movement?

Answer 14

1. Net muscular force
2. Distance the force acts from rotational axis of the influenced joint
3. Length of the muscle during contraction
4. Velocity of the muscle shortening

Question 15

Define Centre of Gravity

Answer 15

1. The point of exact centre around which the body freely rotates
2. The point around which BW is equal on all sides
3. Intersection of all three cardinal planes

Question 16

How is balance and stability maintained?

Answer 16

1. COG must fall within BOS

2. COG must remain over the BOS

Question 17

How is stability increased?

Answer 17

Stability is increased when the COG is closer to the BOS

Question 18

How does changing torque create difficulty/ease of exercise?

Answer 18

It changes the COG whether it be at a distal or proximal position. As result may require more/less muscular support to maintain the body in given motion.

Question 19

Define Translatory motion

Answer 19

Moves in a straight line when a force is applied on the centre of the object

Question 20

Define Rotary motion

Answer 20

Occurs when a force is applied off centre to a freely moveable object

Question 21

Define Stride

Answer 21

The time between ground contacts of the right heel. Measured from initial contact of lower extremity, to the point at which the same contacts. The cycle then repeats

Question 22

Define a Step

Answer 22

Half a Stride, i.e. ground contact of one foot to the other

Question 23

In order, list the subdivisions of the Stance Phase

Answer 23

1. Heel strike
2. Foot flat
3. Midstance
4. Heel off
5. Toe off

Question 24

What makes up a Stride

Answer 24

Swing and Stance phases

Question 25

What are the subdivisions of the Swing Phase

Answer 25

1. Initial swing
2. Midswing
3. Terminal swing

Question 26

What are some key components of good lifting mechanics

Answer 26

1. Assume a position close to the object - decreasing torque, shortening upper extremities for increased muscle efficiency.
2. Position COG closer and widen BOS
3. Position feet according to the direction of movement
4. Avoid twisting when lifting
5. Use power position