Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology and Anatomy of Systems > Muscle, Bone And Nerve > Flashcards

Muscle, Bone And Nerve Flashcards

1
Q

The 3 types of cartilage

A

Elastic cartilage

  • lots of large Chondrocytes
  • mostly elastic fibres
  • found in ears and epiglottis

Fibrocartilage

  • mostly collagen fibres
  • Chondrocytes found in rows between fibres
  • found in intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis and articulate discs

Hyaline cartilage

  • most abundant
  • chondrocytes houses in lacunae
  • found in joints etc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Growth of cartilage (2)

A

Appositional growth:
- new surface matrix added to pre-existing matrix by new chondroblasts (young and active cartilage cell) derived from the perichondrium

Interstitial growth:
- grow and divide and lay down more matrix inside the pre-existing cartilage, form clusters (lacunae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Impaired calcification

A

Leads to higher levels of Osteoid tissue than normal, bone bends more than it should.
Calcification only occurs in presence of collagen fibres

Leads to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults

If removed minerals in bone it bends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Structure of bone

A 
Proximal epiphysis
-
-
Diaphysis
-
-
Distal epiphysis

Section through an epiphysis:
Compact bone on outside, spongy bone on inside
Also has nutrient artery

Section through shaft/diaphysis:
Spongy bone replaced by yellow marrow (fat and mesenchyml stem cells)
Outside is layer of connective tissue called Periosteum (a source of new bone cells)
Nutrient artery pierces the periosteum to reach bone tissue since the bone is highly vascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Compact bone structure

A

Made of osteons (tightly packed units) which are formed around blood vessels in central canal, lamella bone around them

Spongy bone results from osteons being partly removed, leaving gaps for remaining struts of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Types of bone cell

A

Osteocytes:
Maintains bone tissue
Mature bone cells
Located within bone

Osteoblasts:
Forms bone matrix (deposition of osteoid)
Located at surfaces of the bone
When become trapped in their own osteoid matrix, stop dividing, and then are terms osteocytes

Osteogenic cell:
Stem cell
Produce the next generation of osteoblasts
Located in close proximity of blood vessels in spongy bone, found by periosteum in compact bone
Produce the next generation of osteoblasts

Osteoclast:
Derived from different lineage
Resorbs bone
Located in cavities on the surface of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Skull
Vertebral column
Ribs
Sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Limb bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Limb girdles

A

Bones than connect the limb bones to the trunk bones

Shoulder girdle:
Clavicle and scapula

Pelvic girdle:
Hip bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Classification of bone (by shape):

A 
Long bone (humerus)
Short bone (carpal bone)
Flat bone (sternum)
Irregular bone (vertebra)
Sesamoid bone (patella/knee cap, where a tendon turns a corner)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ossification / bone development (2)

A

Intramembranous ossification:
Bones originate from soft connective tissue
(Hyaline cartilage missing from this ossification which is necessary in load bearing joints)

Endochondral ossification:
Bones are guided in their formation by a development from a cartilaginous model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Bone collar formed by osteoblasts
Hypertrophy of chondrocytes
Blood vessels invade shaft
Secondary centre of ossification forms in the epiphysis’
Epiphyseal/growth plate formed from the growth of bone restricting the cartilage growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bumps on a bone

A 
Process:
Projecting out of bone
(If hooked - Hamulus)
(If sharp - spine)
(If round - tubercle, large tubercles are tuberosity’s)

Ramus:
Particularly large

Lumps & bumps due to the pull of tendons or ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Grooves and holes in bones

A

Groove in bone:
Sulcus

Deeper than a groove:
Notches

Pit in bone:
Fossa

Hole in a bone:
Foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Articular surfaces

A

Small and round joint:
Facet

Rounded articular surfaces:
Condyle (means knuckle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Joints

A

Bone-bone
Bone-cartilage
Cartilage-cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Function of joints

A

Allow movement
OR
To allow growth (or both)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Joint classification (3)

A

Fibrous joints:

  • don’t allow significant movt (synarthrosis)
  • connective tissue connects bones
  • no joint cavity

Cartilaginous joints:

  • provide limited mobility (amphiarthrosis)
  • cartilage to bone
  • no joint cavity

Synovial joints:

  • freely moveable joint (diarthrosis)
  • support articulating bones
  • contains joint cavity (synovial fluid)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Sutures (eg. all found in skull):

  • serrated (bones interlock)
  • squamous (bones bevelled on eachother/angle)
  • plane (bones meet edge to edge)

Syndesmoses (eg. inferior fibular tibular joint)
- bones bound by ligaments/membranes

Gomphoses (eg. Tooth and jaw)
- peg and socket

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints (2)

A

Primary:

  • little movt
  • Bone segments separated by hyaline cartilage
  • seen in growth plates in the growing skeleton AND first sternal costal joint (joint between first rib and sternum)

Secondary:

  • bones separated by a pad of fibral cartilage
  • limited movt
  • seen in intervertebral discs
  • all in the mid line of the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Synovial joints

A

Slide over eachother with ease due to hyaline cartilage on their surfaces (also lubricated by synovial fluid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Articular shape and movement

A

Uniaxial joint:
Moves in one plane only
(Gliding joints, hinge joints, pivot joints)

Biaxial joint:
Moves in 2 planes
(Ellipsoid joint, saddle joint)

Multiaxial joint:
Moves in 3 planes
(Ball and socket)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stability of a joint is dependent upon:

Most stable - close packed position
Least stable - loose packed position (most likely to dislocate)

Mobility is inversely related to stability (all factors limit mobility)

A

Articular shape
(Deep pocket more stable than shallow)

Strength of the capsule
(Capsule that tightens upon movt is more stable against that movt)

Ligaments
(Inside or outside the capsule will give added support)

Muscle

Tendons
(Physical barrier to unwanted movt to joint)

24
Q

Types of muscle tissue (3)

A

Striated skeletal muscle:

  • multinucleated cells
  • un-branched
  • controlled by somatic nervous system

Striated cardiac muscle:

  • single branched cells joined by intercalated disc
  • controlled by autonomic

Non-striated smooth muscle:

  • spindle shaped single cells
  • controlled by autonomic
25
Q

Types of isotonic muscle contraction (2)

A

(Think of dumbbell)

Concentric = muscle shortens during force production

Eccentric = muscle produces force but length increases (lowering db)

26
Q

isometric muscle contraction (2)

A

(Pull on immovable object)

  • muscle exerts force without changing length
  • or postural muscles keeping body upright
27
Q

Example of antagonistic muscle groups

A

Flexors:

  • Brachialis
  • Biceps brachii

Extensors:

  • triceps brachii
  • anconeus
28
Q

Formation of skeletal muscle

A
  • myoblasts fuse into myotubules (immature muscle fibres)
  • satellite cells (resident muscle stem cells) on surface of muscle cells can be activated to enter cell cycle and become myoblasts which proliferate and differentiate to provide new myonuclei for existing muscle fibres, or fuse together to generate new myofibrils
  • satellite cells can also self-renew to maintain stem cell pop
29
Q

Myofibril structure

A

Contain 2 protein filaments:
Thick = myosin
Thin = actin

Myofibrils are divided into sarcomeres

30
Q

Muscle contraction in relation to bands

A 
Sacromere shortens
(Z lines move closer)

H & I bands shorten

A band remains the same

31
Q

Sub-division of muscle fibres depending on speed of contraction

A

Speed depends on myosin heavy chain isoform present
(Spotted histochemically)

Type I slow division
(Slow oxidative)

Type II fast fibres:
- IIa (fast oxidative)
- IIb (fast glycolytic)
- IIx (super-fast glycolytic)
(Spotted by immunostaining)

Fast myosin isoform found in white muscle fibres, bc small amount of myoglobin (o2 binding molecule)
Slow myosin isoform found in red muscle fibres, bc lots of myoglobin

32
Q

What structures are all embryonic trunk and limb muscles derived from?

A

Somites
(Contain the progenitors of many tissues)

Head muscles come from unsegmented cranial mesoderm NOT somites

33
Q

Types of progenitors for embryonic tissues that somites contain (3) & examples

A

Dermomyotome:

  • skeletal muscle
  • satellite cells
  • dermis

Sclerotome:

  • cartilage
  • VSMC
  • endothelial
  • meninges
  • joints
  • tendons

Myotome:
- differentiated myocytes

34
Q

Formation of limb muscles

A

Precursors of muscle originates from somites

They migrate into the limb bud

Receive instructions about which muscle to form from extrinsic signals in limb periphery (muscle connective tissue fibroblasts)

35
Q

Grey and white matter

A

Grey matter - made up of cell bodies of the neurons

White matter - made up of the axons of the neurons surrounded in myelin

36
Q

Ganglia

A

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS

37
Q

Structure of the meninges

A 
Dura mater = fibrous connective tissue
-
-
Arachnoid mater = impermeable membrane
-
-
Pia mater = vascular layer
38
Q

Glial cells in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocyte:

  • form myelin sheaths around axons in CNS
  • a single cell (unlike Schwann cells in PNS) can myelinate many axons

Astrocytes:

  • most plentiful
  • form blood brain barrier, wrap capillaries

Microglia:
- immune defence cells of the brain

Ependymal cells:

  • form epithelial layer
  • involved with cerebral spinal fluid
39
Q

Types of nerve fibres

A

Somatic sensory

Visceral sensory

Somatic motor

Autonomic motor

40
Q

Efferent VS Afferent nerve

A

Efferent:
Out from spinal cord to periphery

Afferent:
In from periphery to spinal cord

41
Q

Neuron processes

A

Motor neuron:

  • upper motor neurones
  • carry motor info down to:
  • lower motor neurones

Sensory neurons
- 1st order neurons
(Conduct sensory info from receptor to CNS)
- 2nd order neurons
(Conduct info from brain and spinal cord into thalamus)
- 3rd order neurons
(Conduct info from thalamus to sensory cortex of brain)

42
Q

Nerve fibre classification

A

A fibres: myelinated
(Decreasing in size: alpha, beta, gamma, delta)

B fibres: smaller myelinated

C fibres: unmyelinated

43
Q

Sensory nerve ending receptors

A

Meissner’s corpuscle:
In places with high sensitivity (fingers/lips)

Pacinian corpuscle:
Give sense of vibration

Ruffini end organs:
Sensations of continuous touch and pressure

Merkel’s discs:
Sensation of continuous pressure

Free nerve endings:
Movt of hairs, thermal sensations

44
Q

Cranial nerves

A 
I : olfactory (nose)
II : optic (eye)
III : oculomotor (eye muscle)
IV : trochlear (eye muscle)
V : trigeminal (facial sensors)
VI : abducens (eye muscle)
VII : facial (face muscle)
VIII : vestibulocochlear (inner ear)
IX : glossipharyngeal (pharynx)
X : vagus (lots of organs) !!!
XI : accessory (2 neck muscles)
XII : hypoglossal (tongue muscles)
45
Q

Structure of spinal nerves

A

Spinal nerve connected to spinal cord

Have posterior sensory root & anterior motor root

When emerging from intervetebral foramen, each spinal nerve divides into anterior ramus and posterior ramus (mixed)

46
Q 
Spinal nerves 
(going down the spinal cord)
A 
Cervical nerves (C1-C8)
(cervical plexus & brachial plexus)

Thoracic nerves (T1-T12)

Lumbar nerves (L1-L5)

Sacral nerves (S1-S5)

Coccygeal nerve (CO)

47
Q

Number of nerves

A 
Cranial = 12 pairs
Spinal = 31 pairs (all mixed)
48
Q

Define dermatome & myotome

A

The skin supplied by a single nerve

The group of similar muscles that are supplied by a single nerve

49
Q

Define nerve plexus

A

Network of peripheral nerve fibres from intersecting differing spinal nerves

50
Q

Sympathetic neuron

A

Preganglionic nerve:
Short, myelinated

Synapses in the sympathetic ganglion

Uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter

Postganglionic nerve:
Long, unmyelinated

Synapses in target organ

Uses noradrenaline as its neurotransmitter

51
Q

Sympathetic augmentation

A

Chromaffin cells are stimulated by the preganglionic neurons

Adrenal medulla release adrenaline (acts like noradrenaline) and some noradrenaline

In bloodstream to target

52
Q

Parasympathetic neuron

A

Pre-ganglionic nerve:
Long, unmyelinated

Post-ganglionic nerve:
Short, myelinated

Neurotransmitter:
Acetylcholine
(for both pre&post ganglionic neurons)

53
Q

Pre-ganglionic sympathetically (3)

A

Pre-ganglionic sympathetic neuron can synapse with a post-ganglionic neuron at the same level of origin
(Provided it arises from T1-L2)

Neuron can travel up or down the sympathetic chain to another ganglion at a different level

Neuron can travel through ganglion without synapsing and run to a pre-vertebral (visceral) ganglion

54
Q

Basic neurotransmission

A

Sensory neuron bring sensory info into spinal nerve via the dorsal root

Will synapse with another neuron in the spinal cord

To the brain

Out via motor neurons via ventral root

55
Q

Number of cranial nerves

A

12

2 - from cerebrum
10 - from brain stem

56
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Type of deep fascia in the form of a sheet that attaches muscles needing a wide area of attachment

(Eg. Abdominal)

Physiology and Anatomy of Systems (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions