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Physiology and Anatomy of Systems > Fundamentals Of Physiology & Pharmacology > Flashcards

Fundamentals Of Physiology & Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Types of homeostatic control mechanisms (3)

A 
Negative feedback (reflex arc)
- change in variable causes response that moves the variable back to set-point (normalisation)

Feed-forward:

  • anticipation of a change brings about the response to that change before it is detected by negative feedback sensors
  • eg. Pavlovs dogs / fight or flight

Positive feedback:
- change in variable triggers a response that causes further change in that variable (amplification)

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2
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from the nerves in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

Sympathetic:
Noradrenaline

Parasympathetic:
Acetylcholine

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3
Q

Hormones of the hypothalamus

A

Releasing hormones:
GHRH, CRH, TRH, GnRH

Inhibitory hormones:
Somatostatin, dopamine

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4
Q

Hormones of the pituitary gland

A 
Anterior pituitary:
GH
Prolactin
FSH
LH
TSH
ACTH

Posterior pituitary:
Oxytocin
ADH

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5
Q

Types of hormones

& examples from hypothalamus & pituitary

A

Peptides:
ADH
oxytocin

Polypeptides:
Growth hormone
(Insulin from pancreas)

Glycoproteins:
Everything else

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6
Q

What hormones does Tyrosine make?

A

Adrenaline

Thyroxine (T3&T4)

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7
Q

What hormones does cholesterol make?

A

Via the precursor hormone pregnisolone

All steroid hormones
(Eg. Sex hormones, adrenal cortex hormones)

In ovaries:

  • progesterone
  • estrogens

In testes:
- androgens (eg. Testosterone)

Adrenal cortex:

  • glucocorticoids (eg. Cortisol)
  • mineralocortocoids (eg. Aldosterone)
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8
Q

Hormone receptors

A

Peptides/proteins/glycoprotein:

  • receptor located on plasma membrane
  • second messengers to change enzymic activity
  • rapid & transient response

Steroids/thyroid hormones:

  • receptor located intracellularly (cytoplasm or nucleus)
  • alter gene expression
  • slow & prolonged response
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9
Q

Example of positive feedback

Parturition

A

When pregnant estrogen/progesterone balance is altered

Increases excitability of uterus

Uterine contractions

Fetus presses on cervix

Signals to hypothalamus

Oxytocin secretion

^^^back up to inc excitability of uterus

Cycle repeats until baby born

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10
Q

Total body water
(% of body weight)

(60% is water)

A

Intracellular space (40%)

Interstitial space (15%)

Plasma space (5%)

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11
Q

Osmolarity vs Osmolality

A

Osmolarity:
1 osmole per litre

Osmolality:
1 osmole per kg

Osmole = 1 mole
(6.022x10^23 entities)

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12
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Cystalloid:
Due to small diffusible ions
(Eg. Na+, Cl- and K+ in body fluids)

Oncotic pressure:
Little protein in interstitial fluid (but there is in plasma) so exert an oncotic pressure

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13
Q

Ionic composition

mmol/l

A 
Plasma:
[Na+] = 140
[K+] = 4
[Ca2+] = 2
Anions include = Cl- (110) & Bicarbonate (24)
Intracellular:
[Na+] = 10
[K+] = 120
[Ca2+] = 0.0001
Anions include = AA’s, Cl-, proteins
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14
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Albumin (48g/litre)

  • plasma oncotic pressure
  • transport, buffering of pH

Alpha, beta, gamma globulins (0.7-13g/litre each)
- haemostatis, transport, immune system

Fibrinogen (3g/litre)
- haemostasis

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15
Q

Haematopoetic stem cells

A

Erythrocytes

Leukocytes:

  • Granulocytes (-> neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
  • monocytes (macrophages)
  • lymphocytes

Thrombocytes

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16
Q

Erythrocytes

A

120 day life

RBC = male 5.5, female 4.8
(x 10^12 / litre)

Contain haemoglobin
Male 160g, female 140g / litre blood
(Conc)

17
Q

Leucocytes

A

WBC = 4-11 x 10^9 / litre

Lymphocytes (20-40%)
- immune systems

Monocytes (2-8%)
- migrate to tissues and form macrophages

Granulocytes

  • neutrophils (50-70%) = chemotactic, phag
  • eosinophils (1-4%) = phagocytosis
  • basophils (0.5%) = release histamine
18
Q

Platelets

A

Fragments of megakaryocytes

150-400 x 10^9 / litre

Central role in haemostasis

19
Q

Electrical charge in a quiescent state of cell

A

Inner membrane is negatively charged with respect to the outside

20
Q

Voltage at the membrane

A

Voltage is a measure of the work done in separating charges across the membrane

Conc gradient:
[C] out / [C] in (For +ve ions, opposite for -ve)

If know conc grad, membrane voltage due to an ion can be found from the Nernst equation:

E = 58 (mV) x log [C] out / [C] in
(For +ve)

21
Q

Membrane potential

A

Resting:
-70mV

E(K) = -90mV
E(Na) = +50mV
(Needs to be this to stop K+ leaving and Na+ entering)

Membrane more permeable to K than Na

Driving force on ion = Vm - Eeq (at rest)

At rest:
+20mV of K+ out
-120mV of Na+ in

Permeability of membrane to K+ is 50 times greater than Na+
(Can use Goldman Hodgkin Katz eqn)

22
Q

Anisotropic conduction

A

Electrical impulses travel easier along fibres than across them

23
Q

Cholinergic receptor in ANS

A

Nicotinic receptors:
(Non-selective cation channel)
- muscle receptor N1
- ganglionic receptor N2

Muscarinic receptors:
(G-protein coupled)
(5 sub-types)
- M2 = cardiac, lowers cAMP
- M3 = smooth muscle/glandular, inc IP3 & DAG
24
Q

Adrenergic receptors in ANS

A

Alpha:
2 subtypes, each has 3 sub-sub types
- a1 = activates Gq to stimulate IP3/Ca2+ and DAG, raises cellular Ca2+ (causes contraction)
- a2 = activate Gi to inhibit adenylate cyclase and lower cellular cAMP, located pre-synaptically, lowers release of noradrenaline (autoreceptor) (inhibits NA release)

Beta:
3 subtypes, all activate Gs to activate adenylate cyclase and inc cAMP
- b1 = main cardiac subtype (inc rate of contraction)
- b2 = main vascular and airways subtype (smooth muscle relaxation)
- b3 = found in adipose, important in bladder

25
Q

Noradrenaline synthesis

A 
Tyrosine
(Tyrosine hydroxylase)
DOPA
(Dopa decarboxylase)
Dopamine
(Dopamine beta-hydroxylase)
Noradrenaline

(Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase)
Adrenaline

26
Q

Types of G-protein

A

Gq = stimulatory
Coupled to PLC

Gs = stimulatory
Coupled to adenylyl cyclase

Gi = inhibitory
Coupled to adenylyl cyclase

Physiology and Anatomy of Systems (3 decks)

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