muscle attachements

Question 1

pec major

Answer 1

cc 1-6

aponeaurosis EAO

Question 2

pec minor

Answer 2

3rd-5th ribs, and inserts into the coracoid process of the scapula.

Question 3

serratus anterior

Answer 3

1-8

Question 4

Above the level of the umbilicus, which structures
form the anterior and
posterior layers of the rectus sheath?

Answer 4

Above articulate line
anterior IO combine EO

Superior IO with TA

Below
anterior EO,IO, TA
posterior
transversalis fascia and peritoneum

Question 5

Activating mutations

Answer 5

• Ras (GTPase),
• Tyrosine Kinase receptor (EGRF) – (constitutively activated regardless of input signal),
• MAP Kinase (Raf - over expression),
• Myc (TF).

Question 6

Spontaneous mutations

Answer 6

Errors in DNA replication (including abnormal methylation)

10-6 per gene per cell division

Question 7

Induced mutations

Answer 7

Exposure to endogenous carcinogens

Exposure to environmental

Question 8

inactivating

Answer 8

Inactivating mutations to TSG

APC – Controls how often a cell divides

Rb – Cell Cycle control at G1

CDK Inhibitor - Cell Cycle control at G1/S and G2/M

p53 - Cell Cycle control at G1/S; DNA repair

Question 9

PAH

Answer 9

polycyclin aromatic hydrocarbons

Question 10

Were are PAH found and give an example

Answer 10

cigarette smoke
Burnt toast

Benzo [a] pyrene

Question 11

Mechanism of benzo [a] pyrene

Answer 11

Formation of bulky DNA adducts
Leads to base pair changes in DNA
Purine to pyrimidine transversions
Intercalates in DNA Covalently bonds to G bases distortion of DNA (G to T) Induction of mutation inactivates TS`s such as…

Question 12

Alkaylating agents

Answer 12

double edged sword (can stop tumour growth by cross-linking

G-bases in DNA strands, but also cause damage)

Question 13

u.v radiation

Answer 13

Exposure to UV induces cross linking between adjacent pyrimidines

Called pyrimidine dimers

Seen as CC-TT “tandem double” substitutions in DNA – research also shows this can happen via ROS

Question 14

carcinogen alcohol

Answer 14

metabolites acetylydehyde

Question 15

carcinogen food

Answer 15

aflaxotoxin b1 fungi

Question 16

DNA repair mechanism

Answer 16

De-alkylating enzymes – prevent apoptosis/mutagenesis
DNA alkyl transferase
removes methyl and ethyl adducts from guanine

Base excision repair - removal of modified bases in the DNA
main enzyme is DNA glycosylase
gap filled in by polymerase and ligase

Nucleotide excision repair – bulky distortions in DNA
takes away whole single stranded strip of DNA (~24bp)
filled in by DNA polymerase using undamaged strand as template

Question 17

HPV 16

Answer 17

oncoproteinE7 targets Rb - rapid degradation- cancer

E6 targets p53

Question 18

Cytochrome p450

Answer 18

P = pigment, 450 = nM absorption in experiments

Drug metabolising enzymes that also make cholesterol, lipids and steroids

Membrane bound, contain heme group – originally discovered in rat liver microsomes in 1958

Involved in removing carcinogenic compounds from body but can also turn a pro-carcinogen to a carcinogen!!