Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCH3222G > Muscle and Physiology > Flashcards

Muscle and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

use of psychophysiological measures (2)

A

assess the interaction between psychological and physical states

direct or indirect observation of variables attributable to normative functioning of systems and subsystems in the human body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Methods to recording psychophysiological activity? (2) and what does it help us understand? (3)

A

variety of instruments in both laboratory and naturalistic settings.

  • advanced our understanding of the interplay between systems and their connection with behavioral processes and emotion

tools and techniques are varied, but all are based on empirical observation

  • variables observed are derived from the measurable properties and functions of the biological systems and subsystems.
  • includes phenomena such as heart rate, blood pressure, cortical activity, and biochemical markers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how much can psychophysiological measures explain behaviour? (2)

A

Considered a reductionistic approach, although most researchers acknowledge that conscious experience and behavior cannot be fully explained independent of external factors

When properly used, physiological measurement can produce objective, reliable, and replicable results that are less susceptible to social desirability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

issues with psychophysiological measures (4)

A

Cost of instrumentation and implementation can be problematic
- EEG = Booth $4K -$28 + $30K to $175K + consumables
- fMRI = Varies (millions) + operating costs

Artificial conditions can present challenges to ecological validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Chronic physiological arousal can result in

A

many deleterious health effects including heart disease and depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why is it important to measure physiology?

A

important to measure the connections between physiology and psychology to better understand the associations with various health outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

most common psychophysiological measures (1) and where do they examine? (1)

A

capture peripheral activity including heart rate, electrodermal activity, and respiration

Many measures are used to determine sympathetic nervous system (SNS) or parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity resulting fromphysiological arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

benefits of recording psychophysiological activity (2) which areas do it determine? (1)

A
  • continuous data collection may connect physiological activity with the effects of simultaneous stimulus presentation
  • psychophysiology can reveal phenomena that are difficult to capture via traditional self-report methods, resulting in a more exact analysis of a person’s physiological state compared to self-report or overt behavior
  • Many techniques are used to determine SNS (e.g., heart rate) or PNS activity (e.g., electrogastrography and respiration)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity examples (12)

A

Electrodermal Activity
Electrogastrography
Facial Electromyography
Muscle tension
Eye movement/tracking & Pupillometry
Electrocardiography
Blood Pressure
Heart Rate/Heart Period
Heart Rate Variability
Respiration
Biochemical and Hormonal Variation
Neuroimaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Electrodermal Activity – EDA: Description (5)

A

A.K.A. galvanic skin response, skin resistance, and skin conductance

  • refers to the electrical activity of the skin.

the best noninvasive measure of moment-to-moment changes in SNS activation

EDA spikes during emotional arousal
historically was a component of lie detection tests, or polygraph tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Electrodermal Activity – EDA: Eccrine Glands (4)

A

relies upon eccrine gland activation

  • Eccrine glands are the major sweat glands found throughout the human body in the skin
  • glands are especially densely distributed in hands and feet

Increased SNS activity activates the eccrine glands to produce sweat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Electrodermal Activity – EDA: skin conductance/ potential (2) Method (2)

A

EDA measures eccrine activity regardless of whether sweat is actually produced

EDA methods include skin conductance and skin potential

  • During skin conductance, a current is passed through the skin using bipolar sensor placement, and resistance to the current is measured
  • Skin potential requires unipolar sensor placement and does not use a current.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Galvanic skin response (GSR) (Electrodermal Activity – EDA) (1) focus/indication (2) Skin temp (2)

A
  • Galvanic skin response (GSR), a noninvasive technique that uses electrodes to measure variation in electrodermal activity, is the principal measurement tool.

Surface changes resulting from arousal of the sympathetic nervous system are the focus of this physiological phenomenon.

Changes in the amount of perspiration (sweat) effect conductivity of the skin and can indicate arousal.

Some studies have utilized skin temperature in lieu of GSR as an indirect measure of blood flow.

Both GSR and skin temperature can be effected by ambient temperature and other environmental factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Electrogastrography - EGG (3)

A

EGG records smooth muscle activity using electrical signals indicative of abdominal muscular activity

Contractions in the intestines or stomach are assessed by comparing output from the surface of an electrode attached to the forearm with electrodes attached to the abdomen (slow waves and spike potentials)

These recordings are generally made while a person is fasting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

gastrointestinal activity and psychological phenomena (Electrogastrography - EGG)

A

Research has connected gastrointestinal activity with a variety of psychological phenomena including

  • fear
  • shock
  • and other emotion experiences (e.g. disgust)

validating EGG as a reliable and noninvasive method for assessing these relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Facial Electromyography – EMG: Description

A

measure muscle activity by detecting and amplifying the tiny electrical impulses that are generated by muscle fibers when they contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Facial Electromyography – EMG: Uses (4)

A

Facial muscle EMG has been used as a technique to distinguish and track positive and negative emotional reactions to a stimulus as they occur

can be used to track emotion in two major facial muscle groups in particular: the corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus

measuring emotional reaction

only peripheral psychophysiological technique capable of capturing mood valence (i.e., negative versus positive emotions) in addition to arousal (i.e., high and low excitement levels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Facial Electromyography – EMG: the corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus (2)

A

corrugator group is influential in lowering the eyebrow and producing frowns

zygomaticus draws the corners of the mouth back into a smile and is associated with positive emotional stimuli and positive mood

19
Q

Facial Electromyography – EMG: Limitations (3)

A
  • limited by the fact that only a few muscles can be tested at one time
  • the procedure is somewhat obtrusive, necessitating the application of sensors to the face with some attached close to the eye
  • due to proximity of many facial muscles, EMG signals should be viewed as reflecting activity from sites or regions rather than individual muscles
20
Q

Facial Electromyography – EMG: True vs. Fake smile (3)

A

A range of stimuli, including pictures and movies, has been used to examine EMG associations with mood effects

  • For example, one study found that while the zygomaticus and orbicularis oculi (muscles near the eye) are activated during a true smile expressed while participants watched a pleasant film, only the zygomaticus is activated during a fake smile.

Therefore, the orbicularis is an important indicator of truepositive affectorenjoyment

21
Q

Eye tracking and pupillometry (3+2): Measurements

A

measurement of ocular behavior

  • determines gaze direction and movement
  • systems typically utilize high-definition cameras and infrared light to measure eye movement

pupillometry measures variation in the diameter of the pupil
- can measure pupil diameter as well associated with attention and interest, arousal, anxiety, and perceived threats

22
Q

Eye tracking and pupillometry: Uses (4)

A

can be used to assess visual attention through eye gaze

used to assess focal points of the eye in marketing, social interactions, and web applications.

pupil dilation and constriction are regularly occurring phenomena

  • arousal, attraction, cognitive load, long-term memory, etc.
23
Q

Cardiovascular activity (2)

A

Often used to link physiological changes with emotional state

Measures include heart rate, blood pressure, and blood volume

24
Q

Electrocardiography - ECG or EKG (4)

A

records changes in electrical potential associated with heartbeat

leads for collecting ECG may use one of several different configurations

electrodes are placed at various locations on the body, and recordings yield P, Q, R, S, and T waves

25
Q

Electrocardiography - ECG or EKG: Waves (5)

A

P wave occurs at the beginning of a heart cycle, representing the atrial depolarization

P wave is followed by QRS waves reflecting the depolarization of the ventricles

Q wave is notably used to calculate pre-ejection period (PEP), which serves as an excellent index of sympathetic activation

T wave represents the ventricles’ repolarization

the five points represent an interbeat interval or heart period.

26
Q

Pre-ejection period (Electrocardiography - ECG or EKG) (3)

A

PEP is an important tool for examining the stress response

People characterized by higher PEP reactivity to acutepsychosocial stressoften show:

  • greater sympathetic reactivity, which may result in a higher risk for stress-related health problems
27
Q

Blood Pressure – BP (3)

A

the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels or the arterial pressure of the systemic circulation

most commonly assessed using auscultatory or oscillometric methods

auscultatory measurement, a cuff is positioned on the upper arm, with a stethoscope placed over the brachial artery

28
Q

DIfferent types of measurement in Blood Pressures (4)

A

oscillometric method utilizes oscillations in pressure in a BP cuff to determine systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Systolic blood pressure captures peak pressure in the arteries

diastolic pressure assesses the lowest pressure

Pulse pressure, MAP, and peripheral resistance are all useful physiological indices calculated from systolic and diastolic blood pressure

29
Q

interpretation of Blood Pressure (4)

A

BP is often connected with

  • various psychosocial factors including stress and emotion regulation

BP can rise as a result of

  • stress, SNS arousal, negative emotions, and other psychological circumstances

In one example, loneliness in adults was associated with increased systolic blood pressure and increases in blood pressure over time

Deviation from baseline has been used in studies related to anxiety, optimism/pessimism, among others

30
Q

Heart Rate/Heart Period: Measurement (3)

A

Heart period represents the time between consecutive heartbeats

  • typically measured as the distance between successive R spikes in the ECG

Heart period and heart rate are reciprocal though

  • heart period is measured in milliseconds,
  • while heart rate is measured in beats per minute
31
Q

Heart Rate/Heart Period: Interpretation (3)

A

emotionally provocative experiences ranging from excitement to affiliation and to fear are connected with heart rate

the amygdala seems to be particularly important in translating an individual’s emotional perceptions of stimuli

  • responding to emotion by activating the SNS to affect heart rate responses
32
Q

Heart Rate Variability - HRV (4)

A

measure derived from the time interval between heart beats (IBI)

typically collected using electrocardiography (ECG)

utilizes noninvasive electrodes to measure the electrical activity associated with heartbeats

related to emotional regulation, marital conflict, anxiety, social rejection, and stress.

33
Q

Heart Rate Variability - HRV: Limitations (2)

A

Although a robust measure, it is susceptible to natural and artificial moderators that can make interpretation challenging

highly susceptible to artifacts such as muscle contractions and movement.

34
Q

Heart Rate Variability - HRV: Uses (3+2)

A

Captures the variation in the duration of time between heartbeats

assesses variation in the beat-to-beat interval (IBI)

often used to represent PNS cardiac control

  • BP, ECG, and a pulse wave signal are all used to determine HRV
  • ECG is considered the best method as it provides a clear waveform
35
Q

Heart Rate Variability - HRV: Interpretation (3)

A

important ways to capture PNS activity

  • Used in coping and emotion regulation research
  • higher HRV seems to reflect a greater capacity for successful emotion regulation

HRV can also serve as an important index of anxiety,

  • as lower HRV has been observed in patients with anxiety disorders compared to controls
36
Q

Respiration: measurement (4)

A

measured by the frequency and amplitude of breathing using strain gauges

two gauges provides measures of both upper and lower respiration for comparison

  • belt expands and contracts in response to an individual’s inhalations and exhalations, and the changes are then recorded.

Impedance cardiography (ICG) can also be used to derive respiration

37
Q

Respiration: Interpretation (2)

A

emotional responses and their resulting SNS activity causes increases in breathing rate,

  • respiration is inevitably connected to the entire range of emotional and psychological experiences
38
Q

Biochemical and Hormonal Variation: Description (4)

A

Compounds in bodily fluids such as blood and saliva serve as the basis of this type of measurement

interested in the baseline amount of compounds which vary based on time of day as well as deviations from baseline

Example: Cortisol levels are increased in response to acute stressors

  • require samples of bodily fluids to be collected and analyzed in laboratory conditions
39
Q

Biochemical and Hormonal Variation: costs

A

costs associated with analyzing compound levels depend on the number of measurements and the nature of the compound itself

39
Q

two general types of neuroimaging:
(2)

A

measurement involves creating images of the brain

  • structural, which is imaging based on the anatomical form
  • functional, which is based on cognitive and neurological processes
40
Q

Functional neuroimaging utilizes … (5)

A
  • electroencephalography (EEG)
  • functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
  • magnetoencephalography (MEG)
  • positronic emission tomography (PET)

physiological variables measured differ depending on the technology

example, EEG measures voltage patterns produced by neurons in the brain, fMRI measures oxygen and blood flow in the brain by capitalizing on the paramagnetic properties of hemoglobin

41
Q

Neuroimaging comparison: fMRI vs. EEG

A

While fMRI has far greater spatial resolution, EEG has far greater temporal resolution… which is why MR-compatible EEG systems are being designed and perfected

42
Q

Galvanic skin response has been used to evaluate… (5)

A

GSR has been used to evaluate…
- affective responses to film
- responses to violent video games
- desensitization resulting from violent gaming
- psychosocial stress
- impulsivity.

43
Q

Structural neuroimaging involves techniques such as… (3)

A

X-ray, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

PSYCH3222G (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions