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PSYCH3222G > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Contrast X-rays

A

inject something that absorbs X-rays less or more than surrounding tissue
- cerebral angiography

Blood vessels bloomed out: aneurysms

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2
Q

MRI

A

Just anatomy
- High resolution images
- Constructed from measurement of “waves” that hydrogen atoms emit when activated within a magnetic field
- More on how this works later in the course

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3
Q

X-Ray computed tomography

A

Computer-assisted X-ray procedure
Provides a 3-D representation of the brain

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4
Q

x-ray

A

Anode vs. Cathode
- Xray will pass through materials
- Denser the material, less x ray will pass through, become whiter, not as exposed to air

air: black
bones whiter

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5
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET) (2+6)

A

Functional
- Good spatial resolution, Low temporal resolution

  • Provides images of brain activity
  • Scan is an image of levels of radioactivity in various parts of one horizontal level of the brain
  • A radiolabeled substance is administered prior to the scan (2-DG)

-Surround head with gamma rays, detecting hairs of gamma rays flying out
-Figure out where the most 2DG is absorbed (most activity)

Usually do pet scan then MRI

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6
Q

Basic Subtraction Method (for PET and fMRI)

A

Activation n trials - Control n trials = difference -> significant pixels

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7
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI) (2+5)

A

Functional
good spatial resolution, poor temporal

  • Provides images of brain structure and activity
  • As with MRI uses strong magnetic field
  • Structure is imaged using waves emitted by hydrogen ions
  • Function is imaged using signal created from interaction between oxygen and iron in the blood
  • BOLD signal

brain changes with blood flow

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8
Q

BOLD signal (fMRI)

A

Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) signal
indirect measure of neural activity

Higher neural activity changes> higher blood oxygen changes> higher fMRI signal

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9
Q

Resolutions in scanning

A

Spatial:
- How clear is it?
- how small could it get, only left or right?

Temporal:
- Slow vs. fast
- timing, do I need a snapshot every second?
- What’s going on where when, how fast do I need to collect data?

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10
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) (4)

A
  • A measure of neural activity
  • Measures changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp
  • Created by underlying patterns of neural activity
  • Fast temporal resolution
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11
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A
  • NOT a measure of neural activity
  • But provides an experimental probe to alter neural activity
  • TMS applies a brief, strong magnetic field that alters neural activity
  • Can either activate or “deactivate” brain structures
  • Observe changes in behavior
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12
Q

Scalp electroencephalography (EEG) (3+2+2)

A

Fast temporal, bad spatial
- Measure of gross electrical activity of the brain
- Uses electrodes attached to the scalp

Many techniques of EEG

Wave form assessment (e.g. alpha waves)
- Indication of state of consciousness, pathology

Event-related potentials (ERPs)
- Measure activity accompanying psychological events

Combination of EEG with MRI

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13
Q

Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity: Muscle tension

A
  • Electromyography is the technique of measuring the electrical activity of muscles
  • Electromyogram (EMG) indicates tension of muscles under the skin
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14
Q

Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity: Eye movement

A
  • Electrooculography is the technique of recording eye movements
  • Electrooculogram (EOG) indicates changes in electrical potential between the front and back of the eyeball
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15
Q

Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity: Skin conductance

A
  • Measures of electrodermal activity
  • Techniques include measurement of skin conductance level (SCL) and skin conductance response (SCR)
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16
Q

Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity: Cardiovascular activity

A
  • Often used to link physiological changes with emotional state
  • Measures include heart rate, blood pressure, and blood volume
17
Q

Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity (4)

A

Muscle tension
Eye movement
Skin conductance
Cardiovascular activity

18
Q

Invasive Physiological Research/ Recording Methods

A
  • Stereotaxic surgery
  • Lesion methods
  • Electrical stimulation

Invasive electrophysiological recording methods include the following:

Intracellular unit recording
Extracellular unit recording
Multiple-unit recording
Invasive EEG recording

19
Q

Stereotaxic surgery

A

Requires use of stereotaxic atlas and instrument

20
Q

Lesion methods

A
  • Bilateral and unilateral lesions
  • Several procedures each requiring careful interpretation of effects
  • Aspiration lesions
  • Radio-frequency lesions
  • Knife cuts
  • Cryogenic blockade
21
Q

Electrical stimulation

A
  • Lesioning can be used to remove, damage, or inactivate a structure
  • Electrical stimulation may be used to “activate” a structure
  • Stimulation of a structure may have an effect opposite to that seen when the structure is lesioned
22
Q

Intracellular unit recording

A

Membrane potential of a neuron

23
Q

Extracellular unit recording

A

Firing of a neuron

24
Q

Multiple-unit recording

A

Firing of many neurons

25
Q

Pharmacological Research Methods: Routes of drug administration (Consumption) (6)

A

Consumption
Intragastrically (in stomach)
Intraperitoneally (in organ)
Intramuscularly (in muscle)
Subcutaneously (under skin)
Intravenously (venous blood)
Blood-Brain Barrier? Cannula injection

Selective chemical lesions

26
Q

Measuring Chemical Activity of the brain: 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) technique

A
  • Inject animal with radioactive 2-DG and allow it to engage in behavior of interest
  • Use autoradiography to see where radioactivity accumulates in brain slices
27
Q

Measuring Chemical Activity of the brain: Cerebral dialysis

A

– measures extracellular concentration of specific chemicals in live animals

28
Q

Genetic Engineering: Gene knockout techniques (1+ use (1))

A
  • Antisense drugs block expression of a gene
  • Subjects missing a given gene can provide insight into what the gene controls
29
Q

Genetic Engineering: Gene replacement techniques

A

Insert pathological human genes in mice

30
Q

Fantastic Fluorescence and the Brainbow (4)

A
  • Green fluorescent protein (GFP) exhibits bright green fluorescence when exposed to blue light
  • Variants of the gene for GFP can express other colors
  • These GFP genes can be inserted into DNA of neurons—color can then be viewed when targeted neuronal genes are expressed
  • Brainbow
31
Q

Con of gene knockout technique

A
  • Difficult to interpret results – most behavior is controlled by many genes and removing one gene may alter the expression of others, including compensation for missing gene

PSYCH3222G (5 decks)

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