Muscle And Nervous Flashcards by Med Student

Three types of muscle

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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Cell shale and appearance of skeletal muscles

Single, very long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with obvious striations

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Cell shape and appearance of smooth muscle

Single, fusiform, uninucleate with no striations

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Cell shape and appearance of the cardiac muscle

Branching chains of cells, uninucleate with striations: intercalated discs

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Connective tissue components of skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscles

SKELETAL:
Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

SMOOTH AND CARDIAC:
Endomysium

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Structure of skeletal muscle

Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, fascicle, myofibril, sarcolemma

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Properties of skeletal muscle

Extensibility, elasticity, excitability, contratility

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Structure of smooth muscle

Elongated spindle shape with tapering ends (called fusiform)
Tapered fibers arranged as bundles sheets
No cross striations
Main protein: Myosin and actin

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Smooth muscle is found in the?

Hollow visceral organs specifically;
Eyes
Skin
Digestive tract
Urinary bladder

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Keywords for skeletal muscle tissues

Skeletal
Voluntary
Striated

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Keywords for smooth muscle tissues

Nonstriated
Involuntary
Visceral

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Key words for cardiac muscle tissue

Striated; intercalated discs
Involuntary
Cardiac

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Desmosomes are abundant in where?

Description of desmosomes:

Desmosomes are the remainder of the intercalated discs. They maintain the structure of the heart.

It is a cell structure that anchors the ends of the cardiac muscle fibers together so the cells don’t pull apart during the stress of the individuals fibers whenever they contract.

They are abundant in epidermal cells and cardiomyocytes

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What is the structure of the cardiac muscle or what does it composes?

Cardiomyocytes
Chains of Myofibril
Desmosomes
Sarcolemma
Pacemaker cells
Sarcomeres
I-bands
A-bands
H-zone
Z-line
M-line

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3 cardiac muscle layers

Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium or epicardium
Endocardium

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Two kinds of cardiac muscle

•Myocardial Contractile Cells – they make up 99% of the cells in the atria and ventricles. They bear the responsibility of contracting in order to pump blood to the rest of the body.
•Myocardial Conducting Cells – the remaining 1% is with the myocardial conducting cells. They make up the conduction system of the heart which initiate the action potential

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Muscle functions

Produce movement
Maintain posture and body position
Stabilize joints
Generate heat
Additional movements

Body movement
Stabilizing joints
Generating heat

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Two types of threadlike protein myofilaments

Myosin; thick
Actin; thin

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Types of muscle contractions

Isotonic
Isometric

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Special movements of joints

Supination & pronation
Opposition
Dorsiflexion & plantarflexion

Nervous system provides?

higher mental function and emotional expression
maintains homeostasis
regulates the activities of muscles and glands

Division or the structural classification of the nervous system

Peripheral nervous system
Central nervous system

Two parts of PNS or functional classification

Sensory division
Motor division

Subdivision of motor division

Autonomic nervous sytem
Somatic nervous sytem

Types of cells in the nervous system

Glial cells Neurons

Parts of a neurons

Cell body The two types of processes: dendrites and axons

Types pf neurons

Multipolar neurons Bipolar neurons Pseudo-unipolar neurons

The glial cells includes? (Supporting cells of the CNS)

Astrocytes Ependymal cells Oligodendrocytes Microglia

Organization of nervous tissue

White matter Gray matter

Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways

Resting membrane potential Neuron communication Neuronal pathways

The nerves of the PNS can be divided into two groups

12 pairs of cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

Spinal cord extends to the

Base of the skull to the 2nd lumbar vertebra

Spinal cord communicates between

Spinal cord The body

A reflex arc generally has five basic components:

Sensory neuron Sensory receptor Interneurons Motor neuron Effector organ

Spinal nerves contains

axons of both sensory and somatic motor neurons and thus are called mixed nerves

The nerves are grouped into plexuses

Cervical plexus Thoracic plexus Lumbosacral plexus

Tow types of nervous tissue

Supporting cells Neurons

Supporting cells of PNS

Schwann cells Satellite cells

Maintains the shape of the cell

Nissl bodies Neurofibrils

Major regions of the neurons

Cell body Processes

Two major functional properties of neurons

Irritability Conductivity

4 major brain regions

Cerebral hemispheres Brain stem Cerebellum Diencephalon

Three basic regions of cerbrall hemispheres

Superficial cortex of gray matter White matter Basal nuclei

Structure of brain stem

Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

Medulla oblongata controls

Heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, vomiting

Main components or major structures of diencephalon

Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus

Two parts of autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Glial cells _, _, _ delicate neurons

Protect Support Insulate