Muscle and Movement Flashcards
What is muscle?
Muscle is a specialised tissue that is remarkably similar in all the animal kingdom.
What are muscles made of?
Muscles are made up of proteins and consist of muscle fibres bound together by connective tissue.
What are the 3 different types of muscle?
striated muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.
What is striated muscle?
Striated muscle (skeletal or voluntary muscle) is the muscle attached to the skeleton and involved in locomotion. It is under the control of the voluntary nervous system, and its appearance under the microscope is striated or stripy. It contracts rapidly, but also fatigues or tires relatively quickly.
What are muscle fibres made up of? What are those made up of?
They’re made up of many myofibrils lying parallel to each other. Each myofibril is made up of sarcomeres, the individual units of the muscle structure. The proteins actin and myosin make yo the large part of the structure sarcomeres.
What are the two types of protein molecules that sarcomere is made up of?
Actin and Myosin
How are contractions brought about?
By co-ordinated sliding of actin and myosin within the muscle cell sarcomeres.
What two molecules are associated with actin?
Troponin and tropomyosin.
What do myosin molecules look like?
Myosin molecules are shaped like golf clubs; the club shafts lie together as a bundle, with heads protruding along their length.
Briefly, what is the sliding filament theory?
In a contraction, the change in orientation of the myosin heads brings about the movement of actin over the myosin.
Where do muscles bring about movement?
At a joint. It is coordinated by several muscles.
How do muscles move a joint?
Muscles contract, pulling on the bone and so moving the joint.Muscles can only pull, they cannot push, so at least two muscles are needed to move a bone to and.
what are a pair of muscles that move a bone to and fro called?
Antagonistic.
What are synovial joints?
The bones that articulate in the joint are seperated by a cavity filled with synovial fluid, which enables them to move freely.
What are some examples of synovial joints?
Hips, knee and ankle joints.
What is the structure of a synovial joint?
The bones are held in position by ligaments that control and restrict the amount of movement at the joint. Tendons attach muscles to the bones, enabling the muscles to power joint movement. Cartilage protects bones within joints.
List the structures etc in a synovial joint.
Tendon, bone, muscle, ligament, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, cartilage, pad of cartilage, fibrous capsule.
What is the function of a tendon?
It joins muscle to bone.
What is the function of a ligament?
It joins bone to bone and is strong and flexible.
What is the function of the synovial membrane?
It secretes synovial fluid.
What is the function of synovial fluid?
It acts as a lubricant.
What is the function of cartilage?
It absorbs synovial fluid and acts as a shock absorber.
What is the function of a pad of cartilage?
It gives additional protection.
What is the function of a fibrous capsule?
It encloses joints.
