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Biomechanics Exam 3 > Muscle and Joint Interaction > Flashcards

Muscle and Joint Interaction Flashcards

1
Q

What innervates the entire UE?

A

Brachial plexus

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2
Q

What are the divisions of the brachial plexus?

A

Roots/Trunks/Subdivisions/Cords/Nerves

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3
Q

What innervates upper trunk, middle, and lower trunk?

A

C5-6 upper
c7 middle
C7- T1 lower

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4
Q

Where do the anterior and posterior divisions cross

A

around the clavicular level

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5
Q

What are the roots of the ventral rami of the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1 roots

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6
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the SC joint?

A

C3-4 via cervical plexus

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7
Q

What is the sensory innervation of AC and GH joints?

A

C5-6 via suprascapular and axillary nerves

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8
Q

What are the nerves from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?

A

Axillary
Subscapular
Thoracodorsal

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9
Q

What are the proximal segments of the brachial plexus?

A

Dorsal scapular
long thoracic
pectoral
suprascapular

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10
Q

What muscles are supplied by the axillary nerve?

A

Deltoid and teres minor

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11
Q

What muscles are supplied by the thoracodorsal nerve?

A

Latissimus dorsi

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12
Q

What muscles are supplied by the upper subscapular nerve?

A

Upper subscapularis

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13
Q

What muscles are supplied by the lower subscapular nerve?

A

Lower fibers of subscapularis and teres minor

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14
Q

What muscles are supplied by the lateral pectoral nerve?

A

Pectoralis major and occasionally the pec minor

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15
Q

What muscles are supplied by the medial pectoral nerve?

A

Pec major and pec minor

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16
Q

What muscles are supplied by the suprascapular nerve?

A

supraspinatus and infraspinatus

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17
Q

What muscles are supplied by the subclavian nerve?

A

Subclavius

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18
Q

What muscles are supplied by the long thoracic nerve?

A

Serratus anterior

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19
Q

What are the originations and insertions of proximal stabilizers of the shoulder muscles?

A

Originate on spine/ribs/cranium and insert on the scapula or clavicle

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20
Q

What are the originations and insertions of distal mobilizers of the shoulder muscles?

A

Originate on the scapula/clavicle and insert on the humerus or forearm

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21
Q

What does optimal function of the shoulder muscles require?

A

Coordinated interaction between proximal stabilizers and distal mobilizers

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22
Q

What muscles elevate the scapulothoracic joint?

A

Upper trap
levator scapulae
rhomboids

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23
Q

What muscles depress the scapulothoracic joint?

A

Lower trap
lat dorsi
pec minor
subclavius

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24
Q

What muscle protracts the scapulothoracic joint?

A

Serratus anterior

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25
Q

What muscles retract the scapulothoracic joint?

A

Middle trap
rhomboids
lower trap

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26
Q

What are the muscles that perform upwards rotation at the scapulothoracic joint?

A

Serratus anterior
upper and lower trap

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27
Q

What are the muscles that perform downward rotation at the scapulothoracic joint?

A

Rhomboids
pec minor

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28
Q

What is the innervation of the elevators of the shoulder?

A

Upper trap (CN X!)
Levator scapular ( dorsal scapular)
Rhomboids (dorsal scapular)

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29
Q

What will happen if there are issues with the elevator muscles of the ST?

A

Depressed and protracted and excessively downwardly rotated scapula

** can damage underlying structures over time

30
Q

What innervates the depressors of the scapulothoracic ?

A

Lower trap (CNXI)
lat dorsi (thoracodorsal)
Pec minor (medial pectoral)
Subclavius (subclavian)

31
Q

What can predispose someone to a subacromial impingement?

A

Scapula being inernally rotated and anteriorly tilted

32
Q

What are the innervations of the protractors?

A

Serratus anterior (long thoracic)
pec minor (medial pectoral)

33
Q

What is one way to work the protractors?

A

Push up plus

34
Q

What is the innervations of the retractors?

A

Middle trap (CN XI)
rhomboids (dorsal scapular)
Lower trap (CN XI)

35
Q

What do the retractors do? What are the retractors essential for?

A

Anchor scapula to axial skeleton
essential for pulling activities

36
Q

What muscles elevate the humerus at the GH joint?

A

Anterior and middle deltoid
supraspinatus
coracobrachialis
biceps brachii

37
Q

What does the anterior deltoid do? (Action of the shoulder)

A

Flexion and abduction

38
Q

What does the middle deltoid do? (Action of the shoulder)

A

abduction

39
Q

What does supraspinatus do? (Action of the shoulder)

A

abduction

40
Q

What do the coracobrachialis and biceps brachii do? (Action of the shoulder)

A

Flexion

41
Q

What compression forces do we have during abduction? (percentage of Body weight)

A

80-90% body weight at 90 degrees, 130% body weight holding 2kg at 90 degrees

42
Q

What plane do the anterior deltoid, coracobrachialis, and long head of the biceps flex the GH joint in?

A

pure sagittal plane

43
Q

What are the upward rotators of the ST joint?

A

Serratus anterior
upper and lower fibers of trapezius

44
Q

What are the roles of the upward rotators of the ST joint?

A

Drive upward rotation and rotational adjustments of scapula

Provide stable attachments for more distal mobilizers

45
Q

What force couple posteriorly tilts the scapula?

A

serratus anterior and lower trapezius

46
Q

What force couple externally rotates the scapula?

A

Serratus anterior and middle trap

47
Q

What happens with trapezius weakness while performing ST joint movements?

A

thoracic spine wont extend the normal 10-15 degrees

elevation can happen with excessive protraction

abduction very difficult

48
Q

What are some consequences of the serratus anterior being weak?

A

scapula is abnormmally anteriorly tilted and internally rotated

scapula not properly stabilized against thorax; cannot resist pull of delt/SS ( -> causes downward roation of scapula and partial elevation of humerus )

49
Q

What is scapular dyskinesis?

A

Any abnormal position or movement of the scapula

50
Q

What are some common clinical manifestations of scapular dyskinesis?

A
  • Reduced upward rotation
  • excessive downward rotation, internal rotation, anterior tilt or elevation
51
Q

What effect can scapular dyskinesis have on measurements at the shoulder?

A

Makes accurate and reliable measurements diffcult

52
Q

What are the prominance of the inferomedial border of the scapula or the entire medial border of the scapula associated with?

A

Labral lesions

53
Q

What is the prominence of the superomedial border of the scapula associated with?

A

impingement and rotator cuff lesions

54
Q

What do the rotator cuff muscles do when activated?

A

form a protective cuff for the GH joint, actively rotate humeral head; compress & stabilize to centralize it in the fossa

55
Q

What does dynamic stability require?

A

Healthy neuromuscular/ MSK systems

56
Q

What integrates the neuromuscular and musculoskleletal systems?

A

proprioceptive sensory receptors within GH periarticular tissues

57
Q

What does the supraspinatus do to the humeral head during abduction of the GH joint?

A

Supraspinatus rolls the humeral head superiorly while also compressing the joint for stability

58
Q

What do Subscapularis, infraspinatus, and teres minor do during abduction of the GH joint?

A

exert a downward translational force on the humeral head to counteract excessive translation

** esp by the deltoid contracting

59
Q

What do infraspinatus and teres minor do for the humerus during abduction?

A

Externally rotate humerus to increase clearance of greater tubercle and acromion

60
Q

What muscles adduct and extend the shoulder?

A

Posterior deltoid
lat dorsi
teres major
long head of triceps brachii
Sternocostal head of pec major

** infraspinaus, teres minor assist

61
Q

What does the humerus do to the pelvis when it is stable?

A

Brings pelvis upward

62
Q

What stabilizes the scapula during adduction and extension of the shoulder?

A

Rhomboids

63
Q

What muscles internally rotate the shoulder?

A

Subscapularis
pec major
lat dorsi
teres major
anterior deltoid

64
Q

What muscles externally rotate the shoulder?

A

Infraspinatus
teres minor
posteror deltoid

65
Q

When is the greatest moment of internal rotation? (degrees of elevation)

A

30 degrees of elevation

66
Q

Does internal rotation or external rotation have greater mass/ torque?

A

Internal rotation 40-70% more torque

67
Q

What can large internal torque throwing sports cause just before max external rotation?

A

Shear on the humerus

68
Q

What does external rotation require from the humerus?

A

Must be stable

69
Q

What has the lowest max effort torque of all shoulder but high velocity?

A

External rotation

70
Q

Can muscles sustain more force eccentrically or concentrically?

A

eccentrically

Biomechanics Exam 3 (3 decks)

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