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RS Ex Phys Written Final > Muscle, Adaptations to Resistance, Neuro Control, & Impaired Systems > Flashcards

Muscle, Adaptations to Resistance, Neuro Control, & Impaired Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Membranes

  • epimysium surrounds ___
  • perimysium surrounds ____
  • endomysium surrounds_____
  • sarcolemma
A
  • entire muscle
  • fascicles
  • myocytes (muscle cells)
  • is the muscle cell membrane, beneath endomysium
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2
Q

Invaginations of the sarcolemma that transmit action potentials into interior muscle cell

A

Transverse (T) tubules

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3
Q

membranous sac underlying sarcolemma, responsible for calcium release, storage, and reuptake

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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4
Q

bulbous enlargements for the SR that store and release calcium

A

terminal cisternae

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5
Q

thick and thin filaments

A

myosin and actin

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6
Q

where are troponin and tropomyosin located?

A

actin

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7
Q

sarcomeres

A

individual contractile units of the myofibrils

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8
Q

molecular blueprint (specifies and coordinates proteins), molecular spring (links z-disc to m-line), may contribute to signal transduction

A

Titin (connectin)

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9
Q

molecular ruler that determines the length of actin

A

Nebulin

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10
Q

intimately surrounds sarcomere, primarily at z-disk and M-band regions. Coordinates assembly and organization of SR with myofilaments

A

Obscurin

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11
Q

Myosin contains 2 heavy chain polypeptides (MHC) and 4 light chain polypeptides (MLC)

  • MHC contains _____
  • MLC contains
A
  • light meromysin (LMM) to make double helix and heavy meromysin (HMM) to form neck and head
  • 1 essential (ELC) and 1 regulatory (RLC) light chain. these fine tune contraction velocity
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12
Q

_____ binds to _____

A

myosin binds to actin

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13
Q

spaced at regular intervals along actin to regulate position of tropomyosin

A

troponin

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14
Q

Myoplasticity-

gene expression can be influenced by ________

A

contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate availability, hormones, environment

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15
Q

adaptations to endurance training:

  • __ oxidative capacity
  • __ mitochondrial density
  • __ expression of type 1 fibers
  • __ expression of type IIa/b
  • __ in CSA or glycolytic capacity
A
  • increased
  • increased
  • increased
  • decreased
  • no change
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16
Q

adaptations to resistance training

  • __ CSA in all fiber types
  • __ # of nuclei
  • __ mitochondrial density
  • __expression of type I fibers
  • __expression of type IIa
  • __expression of type IIb
  • __ oxidative/glycolytic capacity
A
  • increased
  • increased
  • decreased
  • decreased
  • decreased
  • increased
  • little change
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17
Q

Duchenne’s

  • can’t produce ___
  • __ linked
A
  • dystrophin (5% of cytoskeleton)

- X-linked recessive

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18
Q

hypertrophy

*

A

increase in size and amount of contractile elements and number of sarcomeres in parallel, individual fiber CSA increases
*primary way muscle size increases

19
Q

hyperplasia

A

proliferation of myocytes from sattelite cells

20
Q
  • ^ motor unit firing rate>____
  • ^ motor unit recruitment > ____
  • ^ motor unit synchronization > ___
  • ^ reflex neural facilitation > ____
  • ^ coordination of antagonist > ____
  • inhibition of golgi tendon organs > ___
A
  • ^ rate of force development
  • ^ force production and duration
  • ^ force production and efficiency
  • ^rate of force development
  • ^ efficiency of force application
  • disinhibits maximal contraction
21
Q
  • ^ muscle mass > ___
  • ^ CSA > ___
  • ^ type II fiber area > ___
  • ^ intracellular lipid contact > ___
  • ^ ATP utilization rate > ___
A
  • ^ strength
  • ^ contractile capacity
  • ^ strength
  • ^metabolic capacity
  • ^ maximum contraction capacity
22
Q

series elastic component

A

tendons and myocyte crossbridges translate stretch into force

23
Q

parallel elastic component

A

collagenous structures stabilize and protect muscle

24
Q

stretch-shortening cycle

A

stretch creates potential energy that enhances forces produced by contractile elements

25
Q

____ is the cause for initial changes in strength, then ____

A

neural adaptation; hypertrophy

26
Q

immobilization

  • ____ fibers atrophy first
  • strength loss of __-__% per day in first week
A
  • type I

- 3-4%

27
Q

muscle mass declines by __% per decade

A

8%

28
Q
  • cytosol has a ___ charge relative to ECF
  • potassium concentrated ___
  • sodium and chloride concentrated ___
  • during action potential ___ rushes in, followed by ___
A
  • negative
  • intracellularly
  • extracellularly
  • sodium, potassium
29
Q

How do EPSPs change permeability

A

-increase Na+

30
Q

How do IPSPs change permeability

A

-decrease Na+, increase Cl-

31
Q

contains relay pathways from cerebellum, basal ganglia and superior colliculus to motor cortex. Contributes to motor generation and self-monitoring

A

thalamus

32
Q

regulates internal environment to maintain homeostasis. (temp, BP, contractility, respiration, digestion, fluid balance, emotion, neuroendocrines, sleep-wake, thirst, etc.)

A

hypothalamus

33
Q

receives visual and proprioceptive input. Compares actual movement to motor plan and generates corrective responses. Coordinates timing and sequence of muscle activity, smoothing movement

A

cerebellum

34
Q

Autonomic regulatory centers for respiratory and CV centers. Reticular system coordinates muscle function, maintains muscle tone, contributes to sleep-wake and consciousness, pain control

A

brain stem

35
Q

corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts; innervate motor neuron in spinal cord and brainstem. Involved in voluntary movement

A

pyramidal system

36
Q

primarily located in reticular formation. Modulated by cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia. Involved in reflexes, postural control, coordination

A

extrapyramidal system

37
Q

Aerobic fitness in stroke survivors is ___ worse than age-matched sedentary peers

A

~40%

38
Q

Components of a stroke pt.’s prescription

A

basically the same as peers but low to moderate intensity for both aerobic and strength and emphasize functional movements and core strength

39
Q

levadopa, pramipexole, ropinirole, selegeline

A

parkinson’s meds

40
Q

side effects of Parkinsons’ medications

A

dyskinesia, dysrhythmia, bradycardia/tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, elevated BMR, depression/anxiety, hallucinations, impaired sweating

41
Q

Prescription for Parkinsons

A

aerobic- same
walking- 20-30 min/day, 4-6 sessions/day, self-selected pace
strength- same at low or mod intensity, big movements, extensors and core
chest expansion

42
Q

baclofen, amitriptyline, prednisone, interferon

A

MS meds

43
Q

MS prescription

A

aerobic- same as normal except lower intensity

strength- isotonic, isokinetic, aerobic and resistance on separate days

RS Ex Phys Written Final (6 decks)

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