Muscle, Adaptations to Resistance, Neuro Control, & Impaired Systems

Question 1

Membranes

• epimysium surrounds ___
• perimysium surrounds ____
• endomysium surrounds_____
• sarcolemma

Answer 1

• entire muscle
• fascicles
• myocytes (muscle cells)
• is the muscle cell membrane, beneath endomysium

Question 2

Invaginations of the sarcolemma that transmit action potentials into interior muscle cell

Answer 2

Transverse (T) tubules

Question 3

membranous sac underlying sarcolemma, responsible for calcium release, storage, and reuptake

Answer 3

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Question 4

bulbous enlargements for the SR that store and release calcium

Answer 4

terminal cisternae

Question 5

thick and thin filaments

Answer 5

myosin and actin

Question 6

where are troponin and tropomyosin located?

Answer 6

actin

Question 7

sarcomeres

Answer 7

individual contractile units of the myofibrils

Question 8

molecular blueprint (specifies and coordinates proteins), molecular spring (links z-disc to m-line), may contribute to signal transduction

Answer 8

Titin (connectin)

Question 9

molecular ruler that determines the length of actin

Answer 9

Nebulin

Question 10

intimately surrounds sarcomere, primarily at z-disk and M-band regions. Coordinates assembly and organization of SR with myofilaments

Answer 10

Obscurin

Question 11

Myosin contains 2 heavy chain polypeptides (MHC) and 4 light chain polypeptides (MLC)

• MHC contains _____
• MLC contains

Answer 11

• light meromysin (LMM) to make double helix and heavy meromysin (HMM) to form neck and head
• 1 essential (ELC) and 1 regulatory (RLC) light chain. these fine tune contraction velocity

Question 12

_____ binds to _____

Answer 12

myosin binds to actin

Question 13

spaced at regular intervals along actin to regulate position of tropomyosin

Answer 13

troponin

Question 14

Myoplasticity-

gene expression can be influenced by ________

Answer 14

contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate availability, hormones, environment

Question 15

adaptations to endurance training:

• __ oxidative capacity
• __ mitochondrial density
• __ expression of type 1 fibers
• __ expression of type IIa/b
• __ in CSA or glycolytic capacity

Answer 15

• increased
• increased
• increased
• decreased
• no change

Question 16

adaptations to resistance training

• __ CSA in all fiber types
• __ # of nuclei
• __ mitochondrial density
• __expression of type I fibers
• __expression of type IIa
• __expression of type IIb
• __ oxidative/glycolytic capacity

Answer 16

• increased
• increased
• decreased
• decreased
• decreased
• increased
• little change

Question 17

Duchenne’s

• can’t produce ___
• __ linked

Answer 17

• dystrophin (5% of cytoskeleton)

- X-linked recessive

Question 18

hypertrophy

*

Answer 18

increase in size and amount of contractile elements and number of sarcomeres in parallel, individual fiber CSA increases
*primary way muscle size increases

Question 19

hyperplasia

Answer 19

proliferation of myocytes from sattelite cells

Question 20

• ^ motor unit firing rate>____
• ^ motor unit recruitment > ____
• ^ motor unit synchronization > ___
• ^ reflex neural facilitation > ____
• ^ coordination of antagonist > ____
• inhibition of golgi tendon organs > ___

Answer 20

• ^ rate of force development
• ^ force production and duration
• ^ force production and efficiency
• ^rate of force development
• ^ efficiency of force application
• disinhibits maximal contraction

Question 21

• ^ muscle mass > ___
• ^ CSA > ___
• ^ type II fiber area > ___
• ^ intracellular lipid contact > ___
• ^ ATP utilization rate > ___

Answer 21

• ^ strength
• ^ contractile capacity
• ^ strength
• ^metabolic capacity
• ^ maximum contraction capacity

Question 22

series elastic component

Answer 22

tendons and myocyte crossbridges translate stretch into force

Question 23

parallel elastic component

Answer 23

collagenous structures stabilize and protect muscle

Question 24

stretch-shortening cycle

Answer 24

stretch creates potential energy that enhances forces produced by contractile elements

Question 25

____ is the cause for initial changes in strength, then ____

Answer 25

neural adaptation; hypertrophy

Question 26

immobilization - ____ fibers atrophy first - strength loss of __-__% per day in first week

Answer 26

- type I | - 3-4%

Question 27

muscle mass declines by __% per decade

Answer 27

8%

Question 28

- cytosol has a ___ charge relative to ECF - potassium concentrated ___ - sodium and chloride concentrated ___ - during action potential ___ rushes in, followed by ___

Answer 28

- negative - intracellularly - extracellularly - sodium, potassium

Question 29

How do EPSPs change permeability

Answer 29

-increase Na+

Question 30

How do IPSPs change permeability

Answer 30

-decrease Na+, increase Cl-

Question 31

contains relay pathways from cerebellum, basal ganglia and superior colliculus to motor cortex. Contributes to motor generation and self-monitoring

Answer 31

thalamus

Question 32

regulates internal environment to maintain homeostasis. (temp, BP, contractility, respiration, digestion, fluid balance, emotion, neuroendocrines, sleep-wake, thirst, etc.)

Answer 32

hypothalamus

Question 33

receives visual and proprioceptive input. Compares actual movement to motor plan and generates corrective responses. Coordinates timing and sequence of muscle activity, smoothing movement

Answer 33

cerebellum

Question 34

Autonomic regulatory centers for respiratory and CV centers. Reticular system coordinates muscle function, maintains muscle tone, contributes to sleep-wake and consciousness, pain control

Answer 34

brain stem

Question 35

corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts; innervate motor neuron in spinal cord and brainstem. Involved in voluntary movement

Answer 35

pyramidal system

Question 36

primarily located in reticular formation. Modulated by cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia. Involved in reflexes, postural control, coordination

Answer 36

extrapyramidal system

Question 37

Aerobic fitness in stroke survivors is ___ worse than age-matched sedentary peers

Answer 37

~40%

Question 38

Components of a stroke pt.'s prescription

Answer 38

basically the same as peers but low to moderate intensity for both aerobic and strength and emphasize functional movements and core strength

Question 39

levadopa, pramipexole, ropinirole, selegeline

Answer 39

parkinson's meds

Question 40

side effects of Parkinsons' medications

Answer 40

dyskinesia, dysrhythmia, bradycardia/tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, elevated BMR, depression/anxiety, hallucinations, impaired sweating

Question 41

Prescription for Parkinsons

Answer 41

aerobic- same walking- 20-30 min/day, 4-6 sessions/day, self-selected pace strength- same at low or mod intensity, big movements, extensors and core chest expansion

Question 42

baclofen, amitriptyline, prednisone, interferon

Answer 42

MS meds

Question 43

MS prescription

Answer 43

aerobic- same as normal except lower intensity | strength- isotonic, isokinetic, aerobic and resistance on separate days