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Science for FUN > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the three types of muscle?

A

Smooth, Skeletal and Cardiac

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2
Q

Give 3 examples of where smooth muscle would be found.

A

Blood vessels, airways, GI tract, vas deferens, bladder, uterus.

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3
Q

Is skeletal muscle multinucleate or mononucleate?

A

Multinucleate

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4
Q

Is smooth muscle multi or mononucleate?

A

mononucleate

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5
Q

what attaches muscles to bone?

A

Tendons

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6
Q

what replaces muscle cells after injury?

A

satellite cells and hypertrophy of other cells to compensate

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7
Q

what do the “thick” and “thin” filaments of muscle fibers correspond to?

A

thick - myosin filament

thin - actin filament

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8
Q

what is a sarcomere?

A

the basic unit of striated muscle tissue

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9
Q

what is a cross bridge?

A

the part of the myosin filament that binds to actin, it contains both actin and ATP binding sites.

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10
Q

describe the cross bridge cycle.

A

the process by which cross bridges on the myosin filament bind to the actin filaments, which induces contraction. the cycle ends with the cross bridges detaching and the muscle returning to a relaxed state

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11
Q

what covers the myosin binding site on the actin filaments?

A

tropomyosin

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12
Q

what causes the myosin binding sites on the actin to be exposed?

A

binding of calcium to troponin; troponin alters shape and pulls the tropomyosin away, leaving the binding site exposed.

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13
Q

what is excitation-contraction coupling?

A

conversion of an electrical signal to mechanical force in a muscle cell

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14
Q

what do transverse tubules do?

A

responsible for spreading depolarization throughout the entire muscle cell

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15
Q

how is calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

DHP receptors detect depolarization in the transverse tubule, they then send a message to ryanodine receptors, which causes Calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open and release calcium.

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16
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

motor neurons + muscle fibres

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17
Q

what is the name given to the force exerted by muscle?

A

tension

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18
Q

what is the name given to the force being exerted on muscle?

A

load

19
Q

what is the name given to contraction with constant length

A

isometric

20
Q

what is the name given to contraction with shortening length?

A

isotonic

21
Q

what is the name given to contraction with increasing length?

A

lenghthening

22
Q

in a muscle twitch, what name is given to the time between an AP being generated and the muscle displaying a response?

A

latent period

23
Q

what happens to muscle as load increases?

A

contraction velocity and distance shortened decreases.

24
Q

what is tetanus?

A

sustained contraction of muscle fibres with reduced/no relaxation

25
Q

why do muscles fail to contract during tetanus?

A

calcium levels are never low enough to allow tropomyosin to reblock binding sites on actin

26
Q

what are the antagonistic pairs of muscle arranged around a limb referred to as?

A

flexors and extensors

27
Q

what causes myosin heads to detach from actin filaments?

A

binding of ATP to myosin

28
Q

how does calcium transfer back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

via calcium ATPase (which is powered by ATP). this ends contraction

29
Q

what is the purpose of fatigue?

A

to prevent muscles using up vast amounts of ATP which would cause rigor.

30
Q

when does fatigue occur?

A

after repeated muscle stimulation.

31
Q

What 3 types of skeletal muscle fibre are there?

A

Slow and fast oxidative fibres and fast glycolytic fibres

32
Q

what characterises the two types of skeletal muscle fibre?

A

In fast fibres, myosin has high ATPase activity, in slow fibres myosin has low ATPase activity

33
Q

How much do the 3 types of muscle fibre resist fatigue?

A

Slow oxidative - resist fatigue strongly
Fast oxidative - intermediate resistance
Fast glycolytic - fatigue quickly

34
Q

what is an increase in the number of active motor units referred to as?

A

recruitment

35
Q

what innervates smooth muscle tissue?

A

autonomic nervous system

36
Q

how are the filaments arranged in smooth muscle

A

diagonally

37
Q

what does calcium bind to in smooth muscle during cross bridge activation?

A

calmodulin

38
Q

what does calmodulin bind to in smooth muscle during cross bridge activation

A

myosin light chain kinase

39
Q

what does myosin light chain kinase do?

A

phosphorylates cross bridges in smooth muscle, which in turn allows them to bind to actin filaments.

40
Q

How does smooth muscle relax

A

action of myosin light chain phosphatase dephosphorylates cross bridges.

41
Q

skeletal muscle has a baseline calcium level: true or false?

A

False

42
Q

smooth muscle has a baseline calcium level: true or false?

A

true

43
Q

what is the purpose of having a baseline calcium level in some muscle cells?

A

maintain a constant level of tension

44
Q

what types of smooth muscle are there?

A

single unit and multiunit types; most smooth muscle in organs are a mixture of both types

Science for FUN (8 decks)

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