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Animal Science 3100 > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Outer most layer; skin and neuronal tissues

A

Ectoderm

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2
Q

Middle germ layer; muscle, fat, bone tissues

A

Mesoderm

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3
Q

Inner layer; respiratory and digestive tracts

A

Endoderm

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4
Q

What does myo- mean?

A

Muscle

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5
Q

Increase in number

A

Proliferation

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6
Q

Fuse and express muscle-specific gene

A

Differentiation

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7
Q

Myotube or myofiber

A

Maturation

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8
Q

MRF’s

A

Proliferation, Differentiation, Maturation

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9
Q

What does MRF stand for?

A

Myogenic Regulatory Factors

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10
Q

What do MRF’s help do?

A

Commit cells to myoblasts; family of transcription factors that ‘turn on’ transcription of other genes in the nucleus

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11
Q

Whats more preferred?

A

Proliferation

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12
Q

The cell cycle phases:

A

G1, S, G2, M

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13
Q

G1 Phase

A

3-12 hours; Environmental cues signal continuance

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14
Q

S Phase

A

DNA Synthesis

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15
Q

G2 Phase

A

Remodeling to accommodate mitosis

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16
Q

M Phase

A

Mitosis; Cell division

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17
Q

G0 Phase

A

Alternative G1 phase; Cells remain capable of proliferation without dividing; dormant; satellite cells

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18
Q

Satellite cells proliferate to repair muscle if damaged

A

G0 Phase

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19
Q

Myotube

A

Multi-nucleated; Nuclei are centrally located; Cannot contract; Mature into muscle fiber; Synthesize myofibrillar proteins and assembles them into myofibrils; Nuclei are unable to divide; Cannot create new myoblast

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20
Q

Go from mono-nucleated to multi-nucleated

A

Muscular precursor; muscle cell

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21
Q

First muscle fibers to develop; Act as scaffolding; “Hollow tubes”; Act as frame, everything builds around it

A

Primary myotube

22
Q

Form gap junctions; Splinter away post contraction and post innervation;90% of muscle fibers

A

Secondary myotube

23
Q

Primary myotube nuclei

A

Central for extended time

24
Q

Secondary myotube nuclei

A

Central briefly

25
Q

How does muscle grow?

A

Muscle hypertrophy

26
Q

How do fish grow?

A

Hyperplasia

27
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase muscle fiber size

28
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase muscle fiber number

29
Q

Add DNA to cells and repair injured fibers

A

Satellite cells

30
Q

What factors affect muscle fiber number?

A

Animal to animal variation within species; Muscle to muscle variation; Nutrition; Breed and Genetics; Age; Sex; Genetic conditions

31
Q

What do most fibers do?

A

Taper off and do not go length of muscle

32
Q

Force depends on what?

A

Number of microfibers

33
Q

Longer length of a fiber results in what?

A

Force lasts longer

34
Q

Muscle tissue is used for what?

A 
Locomotion
Digestion
Breathing
Vision
Circulation
High quality food protein
35
Q

30-40% of total body mass

A

Muscle tissue

36
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

37
Q

What muscle is non striated?

A

Smooth

38
Q

What muscle is striated?

A

Skeletal and Cardiac

39
Q

Sheet like; involuntary; regulate fluid movement

A

Smooth

40
Q

Striated and involuntary

A

cardiac

41
Q

Water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates; Origin, Insertion, Tendon, Fascia

A

Skeletal

42
Q

Thin sheet of connective tissue attachment below skin

A

fascia

43
Q

Connective tissue attachment of origin or insertion into bone

A

tendon

44
Q

Forms muscle fibers into bundles; Intramuscular fat

A

Perimysium

45
Q

Connective tissue; Separates individual muscles; Provides avenues for nerves and blood vessels; Silver Skin

A

Epimysium

46
Q

Connective tissue surrounds individual muscle fibers; Adjacent to muscle cell membrane and attached via basement membrane

A

Endomysium

47
Q

Muscle fiber

A

Muscle cell, myocyte, myofiber; Fully mature myotube that contracts:Can extend length of muscle; Multi-nucleated

48
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Cell membrane of muscle cells; Provides invaginations for communication channels

49
Q

How many nuclei for every millimeter?

A

33

50
Q

Where are the nuclei located?

A

On the outside edges of muscle cell

51
Q

Myofibril

A

contracting apparatus

52
Q

Help contract and cause striation

A

Myosin and Actin

Animal Science 3100 (2 decks)

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