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Animal Science 3100 > Embryonic Growth > Flashcards

Embryonic Growth Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Between conception and growth; Gestation

A

Prenatal Development

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2
Q

Prenatal subject classifications

A

Ovum, Embryonic, Fetal

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3
Q

Fertilization to implantation

A

Ovum

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4
Q

Organism reflects mature form

A

Embryonic

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5
Q

Longest phase; Species can be identified

A

Fetal

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6
Q

Shortly after parturition

A

Neonatal Development

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7
Q

Birth through maturity; What we typically manage in production systems

A

Postnatal Development

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8
Q

Time in uterus

A

Gestation period

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9
Q

Sheep Gestation

A

135 Days

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10
Q

Pig Gestation

A

114 Days

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11
Q

Cattle Gestation

A

285 Days

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12
Q

Turkey Gestation

A

28 Days

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13
Q

Chicken Gestation

A

21 Days

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14
Q

What can impact postnatal development?

A

Prenatal growth

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15
Q

Has selection for fewer days to market changed gestation?

A

No

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16
Q

What kind of animal grows slower and has a longer gestation?

A

Large Animals

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17
Q

Rate of prenatal growth is related to postnatal growth rate

A

Relative growth

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18
Q

Animals that grow slow at the cellular or tissue level require what to develop more size?

A

Additional time

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19
Q

How long does the Ovum Phase last?

A

11-14 Days

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20
Q

Ovary produces?

A

Oocytes, ova, or unfertilized eggs

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21
Q

What is the ovum surrounded by?

A

Zona Pellucida

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22
Q

Where does sperm fertilize the egg?

A

Oviduct

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23
Q

What is a fertilized egg called?

A

Zygote

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24
Q

What is the cascade of events in the ovum called?

A

Oocyte Activation

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25
Q

How soon does the rate of metabolism increase?

A

Immediately

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26
Q

Meiotic Divisions

A
  • Extrusion of 2nd polar body
  • Pronuclear formation
  • Cytokinesis
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27
Q

2 pronuclei migrate to center of cell

A

Pronuclear formation

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28
Q

Development of daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

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29
Q

Define Ovum Phase

A
  • Rapid Cell Division
  • Replication of DNA, but absent of protein synthesis
  • Constrained within the zonal pellucida
  • Lack supply of nutrients
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30
Q

A cell formed by cleavage of a fertilized ovum. Have excellent plasticity.

A

Blastomere

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31
Q

When does the end of the Ovum Phase Occur?

A

When the Zona Pellucida breaks down

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32
Q

A process where inner cells become more closely associated and leads to the Morula 20 to 30 cells

A

Start of Compaction

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33
Q

The ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism

A

Totipotent

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34
Q

When will pregnancy rates be high?

A
  • Embryo immobilized without damaging it
  • Bisection process does not damage too many cells
  • Embryos are bisected reasonably symmetrically
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35
Q

Progression from cleavage to blastula phase is characterized by two things:

A
  1. Increased # of blastomeres form into blastocyst

2. Formation of flattened layer of cells, known as trophoblast, and the inner cell mass

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36
Q

Formation of blastocoele

A

Blastulation

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37
Q

Cells committed to form embryonic or extraembryonic structures

A

Loss of totipotency

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38
Q

After the cell losses totipotency it becomes _____

A

plurapotent

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39
Q

Means stomach

A

gaster

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40
Q

Period when regions exert control over development rather than cells (loss of cellular anatomy); a lot of cell reorganization and movement

A

Gastrulation

41
Q

The creation of shape; types of cell movement during gastrulation

A

Morphogenesis

42
Q

Infolding of cell sheet into embryo

A

invagination

43
Q

Inturning of cell sheet over the basal surface of an outer layer

A

Involution

44
Q

Migration of individual cells into the embryo

A

Ingression

45
Q

Splitting or migration of one sheet into two sheets

A

Delamination

46
Q

The expansion of one cell sheet over other cells

A

Epiboly

47
Q

Blastodisc means an egg is ____

A

infertile

48
Q

Blastoderm means an egg is ____

A

fertile

49
Q

What becomes a chick?

A

Epiblast

50
Q

Becomes extra-embryonic membranes

A

Hypoblast

51
Q

Cells in the epiblast layer begin to replicate in a region known as _____

A

Henson’s Node

52
Q

Where is the Henson’s Node located?

A

At the dorsal caudal end of the developing embryo

53
Q

Cells migrate inward through the primitive knot and result in third germinal layer

A

Primitive Groove

54
Q

After cells begin to replicate, what develops?

A

Primitive streak

55
Q

Skin and neural

A

Non-neural ectoderm (external layer)

56
Q

Muscle, fat, and bone

A

Mesoderm (middle layer)

57
Q

Respiratory and digestive

A

Endoderm (internal layer)

58
Q

Development of the spinal cord precursors; develops simultaneously with gastrulation

A

Neuralation

59
Q

In the neural crest region, cells migrate to the periphery of the embryo to form ______

A

Peripheral nerves

60
Q

Mesoderm continues to develop and forms ____ adjacent to the ___ ____

A

Somites; neural tube

61
Q

Occurs in a pattern from head to tail; occurs in paired fashion

A

Somitogenesis

62
Q

Somites are paired on either side

A

Neural tube

63
Q

Somite develops into

A

Sclerotome and Dermomyotome

64
Q

Dermomyotome develops into

A

Dermatome and Myotome

65
Q

Cells closest to the neural tube migrate around it and become the vertebral column

A

Sclerotome

66
Q

Dermatome becomes____

A

dermis

67
Q

Myotome becomes____

A

Muscle

68
Q

Cell migration can be assisted by:

A

Chemotaxis and Morphogens

69
Q

Cells follow a chemical trail

A

Chemotaxis

70
Q

Factors produced in one location of a developing embryo but exert an effect on distant cells

A

Morphogens

71
Q

Growth and development is a repeating series of these two things

A

Proliferation and Differentiation

72
Q

Todipotent

A

Zygote and Morula

73
Q

Plurapotent

A

Any tissues during prenatal growth and development that aren’t the zygote or morula

74
Q

Sclerotome becomes____

A

skeleton

75
Q

Day 1

A

Fertilized egg

76
Q

Day 5-6

A

Blastocyst

77
Q

Day 14-16

A

Gastrula

78
Q

The placenta is important for the exchange of these gases and nutirents

A

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide; Amino acids and glucose

79
Q

Closely covers embryo; fills with amniotic fluid; shock absorption

A

Amnion

80
Q

Membrane between fetus & mother; Villi “invade” endometrium

A

Chorion

81
Q

Part of umbilical cord; exchange of gases; metabolic waste; webbed with blood vessels

A

Allantois

82
Q

Fetal membranes

A

Amnion, chorion, allantois

83
Q

Developing embryo penetrates the uterine epithelium

A

Interstitial implantation

84
Q

Close contact of maternal epithelium and placenta

A

Superficial implantation

85
Q

Two characteristics form the bases for classification of placental types:

A

1) The gross shape of the placenta and the distribution of contact sites between fetal membranes and endometrium.
2) The number of layers of tissue between maternal and fetal vascular systems

86
Q

Almost the entire surface of the allantochorion is involved in formation of the placenta. Seen in horses and pigs

A

Diffuse

87
Q

Multiple, discrete areas of attachment are formed by interaction of patches of allantochorion with endometrium. This type of placentation is observed in ruminants

A

Cotyledonary

88
Q

The placenta takes the form of a complete of incomplete band of tissue surrounding the fetus

A

Zonary

89
Q

A single placenta is formed and is this shape

A

Discoid

90
Q

Dissuse is also ____

A

Epitheliochoral

91
Q

Ruminants are cotyledonary while horses are ____

A

diffuse

92
Q

Similar to epitheliochoral; placental epithelium and maternal blood seperated by connective tissue

A

Syndesmochorial

93
Q

Zonary is also ____

A

Endotheliochorial

94
Q

Discoid is also _____

A

Hemochorial placentation

95
Q

Swine retain these maternal layers and have this type of placenta

A

Endometrial epithelium, connective tissue, uterine endothielium; Eitheliochorial

96
Q

Ruminants and horses retain these maternal layers and have this placenta shape

A

Endometrial epithelium, connective tissue: Syndesonchorial

97
Q

Dogs and cats retain this maternal layer and have this placenta shape

A

Uterine endothielium; Endotheliochorial

98
Q

Do humans retain any maternal layers? What placenta shape do they have?

A

No; Hemochorial

Animal Science 3100 (2 decks)

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