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A&P 1 Exam 2 > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

The two types of muscle tissue that are striated

A

skeletal and cardiac

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2
Q

How many muscle fibers compose a fascicle

A

ten to one hundred

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3
Q

What connective tissue covering surrounds each fascicle ( name and type)

A

perimysium-dense irregular

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4
Q

What connective tissue covering surrounds each sk mus fiber (name and type)

A

endomysium- loose areolar

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5
Q

What connective tissue covering surrounds an entire sk muscle (name and type)

A

epimysium/fascia- dense irregular

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6
Q

holds muscles with similar function together in compartments

A

deep fascia

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7
Q

define aponeurosis

A

a very broad tendon

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8
Q

thin filament is composed of these three proteins

A

globular (G) actin, tropomyosin and troponin

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9
Q

thin filaments attach to this structure whose ends define the sarcomere

A

Z disc/line

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10
Q

the Z disc lies in what band

A

the light-colored I band (thin filaments)

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11
Q

what band is comprised of thick AND thin filaments

A

the dark-colored A band

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12
Q

what 2 elements comprise the H zone

A

the M line and ONLY thick filaments

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13
Q

what protein extends from the Z disc to the M line

A

the elastic Tintin protein (also attaches to the thick filaments)

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14
Q

what two structures maintain the organization of the thick filaments

A

the M line and tintin protein

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15
Q

structure that moves with the thin filament when it slides

A

Z disc

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16
Q

The three types of muscle protein

A

contractile (myosin, actin), regulatory proteins (troponin and tropomyosin), structural proteins (tintin, dystrophin, myomesin)

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17
Q

which are there more of (in all muscle types): thin or thick filaments

A

thin (all muscle types have nearly twice as many. difference in number of thick and thin greatest in sm mus. sk mus: hexagonal arrangement)

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18
Q

which of the filaments “slides” in the sliding filament theory

A

thin

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19
Q

In what direction will the sacromere contract

A

toward the center of the muscle

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20
Q

Myosin has binding sites for what 2 molecules

A

G- actin and ATP

21
Q

Ca in the sarcoplasm binds where

A

on troponin

22
Q

Globular heads of myosin are also called

A

cross-bridges

23
Q

How many heavy and light chain polypeptides make up myosin

A

2 heavy chains (head and tail), 4 light chains (head only)

24
Q

What is necessary for relaxed muscle state detachment of myosin from actin?

A

ATP binding breaks actin-myosin bond

25
Q

when a protein loses affinity for a substrate due to substrate binding at another site (as occurs in myosin)

A

allosteric regulation

26
Q

the state of ATP during the power stroke phase of the cross-bridge cycle:

A

During this time the ADP and inorganic phosphate detach from the myosin head.

27
Q

the event that occurs when hydrolysis of ATP occurs resulting in ADP and inorganic phosphate:

A

the myosin head recocks

28
Q

The three subunits of troponin are

A

troponin C (calcium), troponin T (tropomyosin) and troponin I (inhibitory/actin-binding).

29
Q

Process in which action potentials cause the release of calcium, formation of
cross-bridges and sliding of thin over thick filaments

A

excitation-contraction coupling

30
Q

the single T tubule in contact with sarcoplasmic reticulum on both sides is termed

A

triad

31
Q

how does the T-tubule signal the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca

A

by the “foot proteins” connecting dihydroxypyridine receptor + ryanodine receptor; a modified voltage-gated Ca channel

32
Q

How is Ca returned to the SR

A

after a certain time, all Ca is re-taken up by Calcium ATPase

33
Q

sk muscles are innervated by…

A

alpha motor neurons of ventral gray matter

34
Q

Define the term motor unit

A

a somatic motor neuron and ALL the muscle fibers it innervates

35
Q

receptors located on the motor end plate and are classified as

A

nicitinic acetyl choline

36
Q

infolded region of the sarcolemma that contains the acetylcholine receptors

A

motor end plate

37
Q

the force exerted on the muscle by an object, including the weight of an extremity

A

load

38
Q

A muscle contraction in which tension is generated but no movement occurs

A

isometric

39
Q

contraction in which tension is generated AND movement occurs (eccentric or concentric contraction)

A

isotonic

40
Q

response of a single muscle fiber to a single action potential

A

twitch

41
Q

The three phases of a twitch contraction

A

latent (cross-bridges form), contraction, relaxation

42
Q

what type smooth mus has stretch-induced excitation and more gap junctions

A

single unit

43
Q

hollow organs (uterus, GI, bladder) and SMALL vessels are what type of sm mus

A

single unit

44
Q

what are examples of multiunit sm mus

A

arrector pili, airways, large arteries, ciliary body and muscles of the eye

45
Q

thin filaments of sm mus consist of

A

tropomyosin and actin (no troponin)

46
Q

attached to the thin filament and act in similar manner to the Z disc in skeletal muscle

A

dense bodies

47
Q

sources for Ca in the sm muscle

A

SR, caveolae

48
Q

the binding of calcium to calmodulin activates this enzyme

A

myosin light chain kinase

49
Q

why is the shortening velocity slower in sm mus compared with sk mus

A

deceased rate of kinase and ATPase activity

A&P 1 Exam 2 (2 decks)

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