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Locomotion And Movement > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

cilia and flagella are outgrowths of

A

cell membrane

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2
Q

flagellar movement helps in

A

swimming of spermatozoa
maintenance of water current in canal system of sponges
locomotion of protozoans like Euglena

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3
Q

embryonical origin of muscle

A

mesoderm

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4
Q

how much percent of our body weight is muscles

A

40-50

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5
Q

special properties of muscles

A

excitability
contractility
extensibility
elasticity

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6
Q

three types of muscles

A

skeletal
smooth / visceral
cardiac

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7
Q

a skeletal muscle is made up of bundles of

A

fascicles

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8
Q

fascicles are held together by

A

fascia (collagenous connective tissue)

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9
Q

plasma membrane of a muscle fibre

A

sarcolemma

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10
Q

cytoplasm of muscle fibre

A

sarcoplasm

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11
Q

sarcoplasm contains many nuclei
hence, state of muscle fibre

A

syncytium

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12
Q

endoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibre

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum is the store hous of which ions

A

calcium

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14
Q

band that contains actin

A

I band (isotropic)

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15
Q

band that contains myosin

A

A band (anisotropic)

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16
Q

thick filament

A

myosin

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17
Q

thin filament

A

actin

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18
Q

elastic fibre which bisects the I band

A

Z line

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19
Q

fibrous membrane which bisects the A band

A

M line

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20
Q

portion of myofibril between two successive Z lines

A

sarcomere

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21
Q

in resting state, non overlapping zone is of thick filaments is called

A

H zone

22
Q

each ____ actin is a polymer of monomeric ____ actins

A

F (filamentous)
G (globular)

23
Q

two filaments of another protein _______________ run close to F actins throughout its length

A

tropomyosin

24
Q

a complex protein ___________ is distributed at regular intervals on tropomyosin

A

troponin

25
Q

in resting state, a subunit of troponin masks __________________________ on actin filament

A

myosin binding site

26
Q

monomer of myosin is called

A

meromyosin

27
Q

parts of a meromyosin

A

globular head with a short arm
tail

28
Q

globular head and short arm are called

A

heavy meromyosin (HMM)

29
Q

tail is called

A

light meromyosin (LMM)

30
Q

heavy meromyosin has binding sites for ____________ and ____________
therefore, it is called ___________ enzyme

A

actin
atp
atpase

31
Q

mechanism of muscle contraction is best explained by which theory

A

sliding filament

32
Q

what does sliding filament theory state

A

that contraction of a muscle fibre takes place by sliding of the thin filaments over the thick filaments

33
Q

muscle contraction is initiated by a signal sent by _______ via _________

A

CNS
motor neuron

34
Q

a motor neuron along with muscle fibres connected to it constitute

A

motor unit

35
Q

junction between a motor neuron and sarcolemma of muscle fibre

A

neuromuscular junction / motor-end plate

36
Q

a neural signal reaching the neuromuscular junction releases ________________________ which generates ________________________ in sarcolemma

A

neurotransmitter - acetyl choline
action potential

37
Q

action potential spreads through the muscle fibre and causes

A

release of calcium ions in the sarcoplasm

38
Q

increase in calcium ion levels leads to

A

binding of calcium ion with a subunit of troponin and thereby remove masking of myosin binding site

39
Q

utilising energy from ___________________, myosin head now binds to exposed sites on action to form _______________

A

atp hydrolysis
cross bridge

40
Q

during contraction of sarcomere, _______ retains the length and _____________ gets reduced

A

A band
I band

41
Q

myosin, releasing ____________ goes back to relaxed state

A

adp and ip

42
Q

how is cross bridge broken

A

a new atp binds to myosin

43
Q

till when does this cycle continue

A

till calcium ions are pumped back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum which results in the masking of actin filaments

44
Q

repeated activation of muscles can lead to accumulation of ______________ due to anaerobic breakdown of glycogen, causing ___________

A

lactic acid
fatigue

45
Q

red coloured oxygen storing pigment

A

myoglobin

46
Q

reddish appearance in some muscles is due to

A

high content of myoglobin

47
Q

reddish muscles are called

A

red muscle fibres

48
Q

amount of mitochondria in red muscles and why

A

high amount
to form more atp using stored oxygen aerobically

49
Q

why do some muscles appear pale or whitish

A

less content of myoglobin

50
Q

amount of mitochondria in white muscles and why

A

less amount
depend on anaerobic processes for energy

51
Q

amount of sarcoplasmic reticulum in white fibres

A

high

Locomotion And Movement (6 decks)

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