Muscarinic Agonists Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the mechanism of diabetic autonomic neuropathy

A

metabolic insult to nerve fibers, neurovascular insufficiency, autoimmune damage, neurohomormonal growth factor deficiency

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2
Q

Significance of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy?

A

increased risk of silent myocardial ischemia/mortality

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3
Q

Autonomic, mainly vagal, nerve dysfunction is common in which types of patients and it’s exaggerated by what?

A

common in patients with liver diseases and is further exaggerated by alcohol abuse

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4
Q

Advanced chronic liver disease is characterized by?

A

peripheral arterial vasodilation and increased plasma catecholamine concentrations

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5
Q

Botulism toxin poisoning can occur through?

A

contamination with the toxin (Clostridium botulinum), through an open wound (more commonly observed with i.v. drug users), or with bad botox injections

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6
Q

Symptoms of botulism toxin poisoning?

A

weakness, trouble seeing, feeling tired, and trouble speaking (similar to myasthenia gravis)

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7
Q

How does Botulism toxin work?

A

interacts with SNARE proteins preventing vesicle Ach neurotransmitter release

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8
Q

What is Graves’ disease?

A

autoimmune disease where a thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin acts like TSH and stimulates the secretion of T4 and T3

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9
Q

Symptoms of Graves’ disease?

A

mimics a hyperadrenergic state - feeling hot, excessive sweating, irregular heartbeat/tachycardia, diarrhea/hyperdefecation, dry eyes, weight loss, hypertension

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10
Q

How do you treat Graves’ disease?

A

treatment with beta-blockers

muscarinic agonists are contraindicated

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11
Q

Glucocorticoids released by the adrenal gland inhibit the formation of what?

A

the enzyme that converts T4 -> T3

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12
Q

Hashimoto’s disease

A

autoimmune disease where antibodies attack the thyroid

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13
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

cold, dry skin, constipation, slowed heart rate, weight increase, hair loss

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14
Q

Why is clinical use of muscarine not recommended?

A

it can cross the BBB and cause convulsions

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15
Q

Methacholine

A

used to diagnose bronchial hyperreactivity (asthma, COPD) because of its short duration of action

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16
Q

What happens when you give methacholine to a patient with bronchiol hyperreactivity?

A

people suffering from bronchial hyperreactivity will show signs of respiratory insufficiency at a lower dose than healthy individuals

17
Q

What causes glaucoma?

A

build up of aqueous humor in the iris either due to a decrease in drainage and/or increase in aqueous humor production

18
Q

Open angle glaucoma

A

clogged or obstructed canal or schlemm, slowly progressing disease typically not apparent until nerve damage of the eye occurs

19
Q

Narrow angle or closed angle glaucoma

A

drainage blocked by the iris muscles, more acute and severe, can quickly lead to blindness if left untreated

20
Q

treatment of open angle glaucoma

A

can be treated using M3 muscarinic agonists which will help stretch the trabecular meshwork and reduce clogging

21
Q

M3 treatment of open angle glaucoma relies on what?

A

muscarinic agonist ability to contract the sphincter muscles

22
Q

Muscarinic agonists used for the treatment of glaucoma

A

carbachol and pilocarpine

23
Q

Pilocarpine

A

partial agonist, relieves block of canal of Schlemm, may have less side effects like headache than carbachol

24
Q

Adverse effects of pilocarpine

A

sweating ,salivation, diarrhea, bronchial mucus secretion, bronchospasms, bradycardia, vasodilation, miosis, impaired night vision, can cross the BBB and cause seizures

25
Q

Bethanechol

A

used for urinary retention problems and post-operative ileus, orally active (not metabolized quickly), muscarinic selective

26
Q

Cevimeline and pilocarpine

A

used to treat dry mouth, which is a symptom of Sjogren’s syndrome or a side effect of radiation treatment

27
Q

most well known nicotinic receptor agonist

A

exogenous nicotine

28
Q

Nicotine as a patch is used for?

A

smoking cessation

29
Q

Contraindications for nicotine as a drug

A

cardiovascular issues

30
Q

Varenicline (Chantix)

A

alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist, activates nicotinic receptor much less than nicotine; blocks nicotine from binding

31
Q

What kind of drugs can reduce intraocular pressure by decreasing formation of aqueous humor rather than by changing the size of the pupil?

A

Timolol (beta blockers)