Muscarinic Agonists Flashcards
Describe the mechanism of diabetic autonomic neuropathy
metabolic insult to nerve fibers, neurovascular insufficiency, autoimmune damage, neurohomormonal growth factor deficiency
Significance of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy?
increased risk of silent myocardial ischemia/mortality
Autonomic, mainly vagal, nerve dysfunction is common in which types of patients and it’s exaggerated by what?
common in patients with liver diseases and is further exaggerated by alcohol abuse
Advanced chronic liver disease is characterized by?
peripheral arterial vasodilation and increased plasma catecholamine concentrations
Botulism toxin poisoning can occur through?
contamination with the toxin (Clostridium botulinum), through an open wound (more commonly observed with i.v. drug users), or with bad botox injections
Symptoms of botulism toxin poisoning?
weakness, trouble seeing, feeling tired, and trouble speaking (similar to myasthenia gravis)
How does Botulism toxin work?
interacts with SNARE proteins preventing vesicle Ach neurotransmitter release
What is Graves’ disease?
autoimmune disease where a thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin acts like TSH and stimulates the secretion of T4 and T3
Symptoms of Graves’ disease?
mimics a hyperadrenergic state - feeling hot, excessive sweating, irregular heartbeat/tachycardia, diarrhea/hyperdefecation, dry eyes, weight loss, hypertension
How do you treat Graves’ disease?
treatment with beta-blockers
muscarinic agonists are contraindicated
Glucocorticoids released by the adrenal gland inhibit the formation of what?
the enzyme that converts T4 -> T3
Hashimoto’s disease
autoimmune disease where antibodies attack the thyroid
Symptoms of hypothyroidism
cold, dry skin, constipation, slowed heart rate, weight increase, hair loss
Why is clinical use of muscarine not recommended?
it can cross the BBB and cause convulsions
Methacholine
used to diagnose bronchial hyperreactivity (asthma, COPD) because of its short duration of action