Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology Test #3 > Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology > Flashcards

Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system is divided into the

A

CNS and the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The peripheral nervous system is subdivided into the

A

autonomic NS and the somatic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The autonomic nervous system is subdivided into the

A

sympathetic NS and the parasympathetic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Parasympathetic neurons respond to

A

acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Parasympathetic neurons are called

A

cholinergic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sympathetic neurons are activated by

A

endogenous NE and Ep (adrenaline and noradrenaline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sympathetic neurons are known are

A

adrenergic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the anatomical pathway that sympathetic fibers take to get to their targets?

A

sympathetic preganglionic fibers leave the CNS through the thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves, most preganglionic nerves are short and terminate in the vertebral ganglia, the longer postganglionic sympathetic nerves then run to the tissues innervated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sympathetic neurons are known are

A

adrenergic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the anatomical pathway that parasympathetic fibers take to get to their targets?

A

parasympathetic preganglionic fibers leave the CNS through the cranial nerves in the medulla, the majority of long parasympathetic preganglionic nerves terminate in ganglion cells in the walls of the organs innervated, the postganglionic paraysmpathetic nerves are short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

All preganglionic nerves release what, where?

A

release Ach onto post-ganglionic nerves expressing nicotinic cholinergic receptors (Nn)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The somatic nerve system motor neurons release what, where?

A

release Ach directly onto nicotinic cholinergic receptors expressed on skeletal muscle of organs (Nm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Parasympathetic postganglionic nerves release what?

A

release Ach onto organs expressing muscarinic receptors (M)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sympathetic postganglionic nerves primarily release what?

A

release NE that can bind to adrenergic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sympathetic postganglionic nerves innervating the skin release

A

release Ach acting on muscarinic receptors on thermoregulatory sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Postganglionic nerves innervating the kidney release

A

release dopamine (D) to bind to dopamine D1 receptors causing vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Separate postganglionic nerves that terminate in the adrenals cause what?

A

the release of Epi and to a lesser extent NE into the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The primary source of Epi that acts on the heart and blood vessels?

A

postganglionic nerves that terminate in the adrenals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Acetylcholine receptors found post-synaptically

A

M1, M3, (M4), and M5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Acetylcholine receptors that are located pre-synaptically

A

M2 and M4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do M2 and M4 function as?

A

inhibitory autoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Ach released from axons metabolized by and into?

A

metabolized by acetylcholinesterase and butylcholinessterase into acetate and choline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What transports choline back into the synapse

A

choline transporter (ChT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) reform Ach?

A

ChAT transfers an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to choline to reform Ach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does Ach get taken back up into the synaptic vesicles?

A

taken back up into synaptic vesicles by vesicular acetylcholine transporter (vAchT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Epinephrine receptors found post-synaptically

A

alpha1, beta1, beta2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Epinephrine receptors located pre-synaptically

A

alpha2 and beta2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe the synthesis of norepinephrine (NE)

A

NE is formed from tyrosine which is converted by tyrosine hydroxylase into DOPA, which is converted into dopamine by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Dopamine is transformed into NE by

A

dopamine beta-hydroxylase (taken up into vesicles to be released upon stimulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How is NE transported back into the synapse

A

by the norepinephrine transporter (NET)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the two different things that can happen to NE in the axon?

A

it can either be metabolized by monoamine oxidase (MAO) into dihydroxyphenylglycol or it can be taken up into vesicles by the vesicular monamine transporter (VMAT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How is Ach taken back up into synaptic vesicles?

A

by vesicular acetylcholine transporter (vAchT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Postsynaptically, NE is metabolized by what, into what?

A

metabolized by catechol-methyl-transferase (COMT) into normetanephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How do drugs influence the ANS?

A

either block or activate (mimic endogenous response) the adrenergic and cholinergic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Cholinergic receptors can be subdivided into

A

nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Nicotinic receptors are expressed in the

A

ganglia, CNS and skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Describe nicotinic cholinergic receptors

A

ion channels consisting of 5 subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Muscarinic receptors can be divided into

A

Gq-coupled (M1, M3, and M5) and Gi-coupled receptors (M2 and M4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

most common and most important muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system

A

presynaptic M2 and post-synaptic M3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

M2 is primarily located where?

A

in the heart and bladder, but can also be found in certain brain regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

M1, M4 and M5 are primarily located where

A

in the CNS

42
Q

function of M5 receptor

A

causes vasodilation of cerebral blood vessels

43
Q

Where are M3 receptors located

A

post-synaptically

44
Q

Describe M3 receptors and what they do

A

Gq coupled causing increases in calcium and neuronal activation through a PLC mechanism

45
Q

Where are M2 receptors located

A

pre-synaptically

46
Q

What do M2 receptors do

A

inhibit neurotransmitter release by activating G-protein inwardly-rectifying potassium channels (GIRK) and by inhibiting voltage gated calcium channels (VGCC)

47
Q

How do M2 receptors inhibit voltage gated calcium channels (VGCC)?

A

by Gi-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase

48
Q

Gi-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase casues

A

a reduction in cAMP production, decreased protein kinase A activity and reduced calcium transport into the axon, thereby inhibiting neurotransmitter release

49
Q

Adrenergic receptors are subdivided into

A

alpha1, alpha2, and beta subunits

50
Q

alpha1 are

A

Gq-coupled

51
Q

alpha2 are

A

Gi-coupled

52
Q

beta subunits are

A

Gs-coupled

53
Q

The adrenergic receptors primarily responsible for sympathetic responses are

A

alpha1 and beta receptors

54
Q

Where are alpha2 receptors found primarily?

A

in the CNS but also the GI-tract and the pancreas

55
Q

What kind of receptors do the muscles and cell bodies in the iris surrounding the lens contain?

A

muscarinic and adrenergic receptors

56
Q

What kind of receptors do the radial muscles, also known as the dilator, contain?

A

alpha1

57
Q

Activation of the alpha1 receptors on the radial muscles causes?

A

constriction of the radial muscles and dilation of the eye

58
Q

The circular muscles (sphincter) contain

A

M3 and M3R receptors

59
Q

What happens when M3 muscles on the sphincter (circular muscles) are activated?

A

the circle constricts and causes miosis

60
Q

What does contraction of the ciliary muscles do?

A

changes accommodation, but also stretches the trabecular meshwork, which could reduce clogs on the Canal of Schlemm in open angle glaucoma

61
Q

Beta receptors are expressed where, and do what?

A

beta receptors are xpressed in ciliary endothelium and increase secretion of aqueous humor

62
Q

What happens when circular muscles of the iris contract?

A

pupil constricts

63
Q

What happens when radial muscles of the iris contract?

A

pupil dilates

64
Q

Pupil constriction is under what control?

A

the parasympathetic nervous system

65
Q

Pupil dilation is under what control?

A

the sympathetic nervous system

66
Q

Receptor that mediates contraction of circular muscles and pupil constriction

A

M3

67
Q

Receptor that mediates contraction of radial muscles and pupil dilation

A

alpha1

68
Q

two factors that control blood pressure

A

blood flow (Q) and resistance (R)

69
Q

flow (Q) is equal to

A

stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR)

70
Q

A drop in blood pressure due to severe loss of blood will trigger

A

an activation of the SANS (release of NE) and inhibition of the PANS (reduced Ach), this will lead to vasoconstriction, an increase in R, an increase in HR and SV, increasing Q

71
Q

ANS responses on resistance (R) are mediated primarily by

A

vasoconstriciton through alpha1 receptors located in vascular smooth muscles

72
Q

Activation of beta2 receptors on the skeletal muscle surrounding blood vessels causes

A

relaxation of the muscle and vasodilation

73
Q

What do alpha1 and alpha2 near the junction of the vascular endothelial cells do?

A

respond to Ep in the blood stream and cause vasoconstriction

74
Q

Activation of the non-innervated endothelial M3 receptors causes

A

release of nitric oxide, which will cause vasodilation by relaxing the vascular smooth muscle

75
Q

In pathology where the endothelial cell is disrupted (ex. atherosclerosis) when happens with M3 activation?

A

M3 activation on smooth muscle wins and causes constriction of the smooth muscles

76
Q

ANS responses in the heart are mediated primarily by

A

M2 and beta1

77
Q

In most other tissues besides the heart, the dominant receptors are?

A

M3, beta2, or alpha1

78
Q

The Gs-coupled beta receptors in the heart cause

A

increase in HR (chronotropic response) and an increase in the force of contraction/SV (inotropic response)

79
Q

Chronotropic effects occur where?

A

on sinoatrial node cells

80
Q

Inotropic effects stem from action on

A

regular cardiomyocytes

81
Q

force of contraction

A

inotropic

82
Q

rate of contraction and SA node cells

A

chronotropic

83
Q

PANS receptors in the lung are primarily

A

M3 (although some autoinhibitor/presynaptic M2’s)

84
Q

Activation of M3 receptors in the lung causes

A

bronchoconstriction and release of mucous

85
Q

SANS receptors in the lung are primarily

A

beta2

86
Q

beta2 receptors in the lung are located on

A

smooth muscle cells

87
Q

activation of beta2 receptors in the lung causes

A

muscle relaxation and bronchodilation

88
Q

Apocrine sweat glands and erector muscle contain

A

alpha1 receptors

89
Q

activation of alpha1 receptors in apocrine sweat glands and erector muscle leads to

A

contraction of the glands (sweat production) and muscle (raised hair_

90
Q

apocrine sweat glands are primarily located where?

A

in the armpits, genital area and palms of hands and feet

91
Q

The sweating induced by NE/Ep is induced by what?

A

stress induced (not for thermoregulation)

92
Q

The eccrine sweat glands express what type of receptor

A

primarily M3

93
Q

Activation of the M3s on eccrine sweat glands does what?

A

contract the glands and induce sweating for the purpose of controlling body temperature

94
Q

The detrusor muscle in the bladder contains which type of cholinergic receptors?

A

M3 receptors and to a lesser degree also M2 receptors

95
Q

Activation of the M3 muscle in the bladder causes

A

contraction of the bladder wall and urge to urinate

96
Q

the detrusor muscles primarily contain which type of adrenergic receptors

A

beta3 receptors

97
Q

activation of the beta3 receptors in the detrusor muscle causes?

A

relaxes the bladder wall muscles

98
Q

the muscles surrounding the urethra contain which type of adrenergic receptors

A

alpha1

99
Q

activation of alpha1 receptors on the muscles surrounding the urethra causes

A

contraction of the urethra

100
Q

the external urethral sphincter muscles contain which types of receptors

A

nicotinic cholinergic receptors innervated by the somatic nervous system

Pharmacology Test #3 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions