Mumbai Case Study Flashcards
Describe Mumbai
Mumbai is India’s largest city and its best connected global city.
What is the population of Mumbai?
it has a population of about 20 million people (2018)
Where is Mumbai?
Greater Mumbai is built on a low lying island in the Arabian Sea.
As the city grew, it sprawled northwards and eastwards across Thane Creek, forming a metropolitan region
Describe Mumbai’s transport
there are 465km of railway that links Greater Mumbai to its suburbs
there are only 4 rail crossing leading into Mumbai – congestion
daily 7.5 million commuters
define mass transit
transport systems, like commuter trains/underground trains designed to carry large amounts of people
what are some transport issues in Mumbai
the rail system of Mumbai is one of the busiest in the world
at peak times, trains carry 3 times the number of passengers they are designed for
there is a lot of overcrowding – people hang from doorways and ride on the roof
how often do the trains in Mumbai come
they run every three minutes at peak time
what are some possible ways to improve Mumbai’s railway system
- increase platform length – rail safety, passenger comfort, and train times
- demolish informal housing next to railway tracks – rail safety, train times
- fit proper door to all trains (so passengers cannot travel half-in and half-out) – rail safety, passenger comfort
define natural increase
a population increase due to there being more births than deaths
define rural to urban migration
the movement of people from the countryside to cities/towns
usually are young adults
define fertility rate
the average number of children a woman will have in a lifetime
define push factor
reasons that force migrants to move away from their existing homes
define pull factor
reasons that attract migrants to move to a new home
give some example of push factors
poor standard of sanitation, housing and healthcare
what is the main push factor for migration to Mumbai
rain fail — harvest fail — less food — hunger + starvation — possible lead to death, therefor forcing people away
give some examples of pull factors
cheap rail travel
better jobs
better training oppurtunities
why has Mumbai grown
due to a combination of both natural increase and rural to urban migration
what are some of Mumbai’s housing problems
overcrowding
poor sanitation
homes in danger of collapsing,
flooding or
fire
what are some types of housing where occupants are at risk because of the poor conditions
chawls
squatter homes (slums)
pavement dwellers
what are chawls
a type of 4 or 5-storey tenement building
one room per family in a corridor
one toilet in one corridor
old, overcrowded
affordable
what are squatter homes (slums)
simple single or 2-storey building built without planning control
sanitation is very poor
73% of residents share communal latrines
what are pavement dwellers
children
huts in narrow pavements
pay rent to criminals
illegal
define slum clearance
the demolition of housing that is no longer fit for purpose
define self-help scheme
projects in which local people are given training or small loans so they can help themselves
what are the strengths of this redevelopment scheme in Bhendi Bazaar
- safer + cleaner place to live
- more natural light
- solar panels are more sustainable
- mosques are retained which allows people to continue practicing their religion
- the mosques are nearby so they do not have to travel far — sustainable
- less pay for lighting + electricity
- better ventilation – less disease – healthier lifestyle
- CCTV is beneficial for women – makes them feel safer – reduces crime
what are the limitation of this redevelopment scheme in Bhendi Bazaar
- may disturb communal culture
- a new way of life for many people – they may not like it
- solar panels for electricity – doesnt function at night and families may stay up late.
how much did India’s economy grow
it grew about 6% each year from 2005 to 2015
define emerging middle class
the growing number of people in NICs that have degree-level qualifications and professional jobs
how does low wages in rural occupations create urban growth for India
Low wages in rural occupations can push people to seek better opportunities in urban areas. This can lead to increased urban growth.
how does university education create urban growth for India
Universities attract students from all over the country, leading to an increase in the population of urban areas.
Universities create jobs for professors, researchers, and other staff.
Universities can encourage economic activity in the surrounding area by attracting businesses and industries that need a skilled workforce.
Universities can contribute to the cultural and intellectual life of a city, making it a more attractive place to live.
how does demand for consumer goods create urban growth for India
The production of these goods often takes place in urban areas, leading to an increase in the number of jobs and businesses.
The availability of consumer goods in urban areas attracts people from rural areas who are looking for a better quality of life.
The growth of the consumer goods industry can lead to the development of new infrastructure and services in urban areas.
how does the emerging middle class create urban growth for India
As people move up the economic ladder, they tend to move to cities in search of better opportunities. This creates a demand for housing, which leads to urban expansion.
The middle class is also a major driver of economic growth, as they have more disposable income to spend on goods and services. This creates jobs and businesses, which also leads to urban growth.
The middle class is often more educated and skilled than the general population. This makes them more attractive to employers, which further encourages them to move to cities.
what are some pros of rapid urbanisation
- economic growth (economic factor)
- cultural diversity (social factor)
- better infrastructure (economic + social factor)
- people can have the oppurtunity to get higher-paying jobs (economic factor)
why is economic growth a good thing
more people can support companies as there are more jobs
define rapid
happenign very quickly and unplanned
what are some cons of rapid urbanisation
- overcrowding (environmental + social factor
- low water supply and hygiene (social factor)
- increase in road traffic and accidents (social factor)
- environmental issues (environmental factor)
- greater poverty (economic factor)
why is overcrowding a con?
- strain on public services + transport
- leads to more rapid spread of diseases
- strain on builidng services
How does rapid urbanisation impact the environment?
- have to expand the city into green-space
- slums are not made with sustainable materials
- deforestation and habitat loss for animals
why is greater poverty a con?
the local government is unable to provide services for everyone
define formal work
workers are paid a minimun wage
measures are taken to keep workers safe
define informal work
not regulated by the state
self-employed/in small businesses
don’t pay tax + no state benefits
no paid holidays, pensions, sickness benefits
no measure take to protect health and safety
give examples of formal work
The Hindi Movie Industry
banking + finance
IT industry
textile maufacturing
sea port jobs
give examples of informal work
rag picking
making pottery
explain why poverty in the informal sector may prevent India from developing greater wealth in the economy
- nation will not fet much money from tax as majority work in the informal sector and do not pay tax
- economu can’t grow + cannot afford public facilities (e.g. schools, hospitals)
- children continue in the poverty cycle as they do not have the means for education to get into the formal sector
explain why poverty in the informal sector may prevent India from improving education, training and healthcare facilities
as the workers do not pay tax, the government can’t invest in schools/hospitals meaning training + education + healthcare facilities can’t gain benefits and be improved
what are ragpickers?
- recycling 80% of Mumbai’s waste
- not regulated by government
- not paid
- no safety measures for them
- many are children + uneducatied
- do not pay tax
- effective by dangerous waste management
define top-down
approach taken by goverments/international agreements between countries
ke decisions are made by politicians/world leaders
e.g Vision Mumbai
define self-help
approach where local community is involved in decision-making
locals receive training/small loans so they can help themselves
How do micro-credit schemes help informal workers to save money?
informal workers can begin to save small amounts of money, take small loans, improve their businesses and pay the money back at a reasonable rate
pros of micro-credit schemes
doesn’t need powerful decision makers
doesn’t need lots of money
suggest why people may object to slum clearance and prefer self-help schemes
they would rather continue living in their existing homes, as that’s where they have been living since they were born. They would prefer having self-help schemes that will allow them to improve the slums, instead of demolishing them
