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virology > Multisystemic viral diseases of dogs > Flashcards

Multisystemic viral diseases of dogs Flashcards

1
Q

Canine Parvovirus -2 (CPV-2)

A

most severe of the canine enteric diseases

family Parvoviridae, genus parvovirus

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2
Q

strains of CPV-2

A

4 strains
CPV-2, CPV-2a, CPV-2b, CPV-2c

CPV-2b and 2c are currently circulating

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3
Q

transmission of CPV-2

A

fecal-oral

infected dogs shed 10^9 CPU/gm in feces
susceptible dogs need only 10^3 CPU to get infected

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4
Q

how long do dogs shed CPV-2?

A

10 days

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5
Q

what is the most common type of infection of CPV-2

A

subclinical infection in >75%

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6
Q

Age susceptibility to CPV-2

A

originally, all dogs were susceptible regardless of age

now, mostly seen in 2-6 month old puppies (<1%

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7
Q

Breed susceptibility to CPV-2

A

susceptible breeds: rottweilers, Dobermans, german shepherds, golden retrievers, Alaskan sled dogs

resistant breed: beagles

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8
Q

incubation period of CPV-2

A

1 week

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9
Q

What is CPV-2 antigenically similar to

A

more similar to Feline Panleukopenia virus than CPV-1

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10
Q

clinical signs of CPV-2

A

either myocarditis (uncommon) or enteritis

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11
Q

presenting signs of CPV-2 enteritis

A

vomiting with sudden acute diarrhea (foul smelling feces)

feces often bloody or frankly hemorrhagic

mostly puppies <12 weeks

dogs die or recover quickly

leukopenia present

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12
Q

Presenting signs of CPV-2 myocarditis

A

not common

seen in 4-8 week old puppies

sudden death (heart failure)

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13
Q

pathogenesis of CPV-2

A

primary site of replication is in oropharynx and lymphoid tissue

viremia seen after 2-3 days, virus spreads and infects FAST GROWING CELLS (intestinal epithelium, lymphocytes, and actively dividing myocytes)

in intestine, virus infects and causes necrosis of crypt cells of ileum and jejunum… also causes necrosis of lymphocytes in PEYERS PATCHES

myocardial infection with heart failure seen in young 4-8 week old puppies with no circulating maternal Ab (heart lesions occur during first 2 weeks of life)

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14
Q

Diagnosis of CPV-2

A

History (sudden onset diarrhea, distinct smell, bloody, V)

Clin Path (LEUKOPENIA)

Pathological Lesions

  • dehydration, hemorrhagic enteritis (hose-like) of SI, mucosal petechial, necrotic Peyer’s Patches
  • histopath: ballooned crypts with necrosis of crypt cells, shortened villi, and IN inclusions in crypt cell of ileum and jejunum

Detection of viral Ag

  • FA test and immunohistochemistry using viral specific Mab
  • CITE test (IDEXX) is most important diagnostic test for diagnosing CPV-2 in dogs (ELISA)… fecal ELISA

Detection of virus/viral nucleic acid
-PCR

Detection of circulating Ab
-serology on paired samples (acute and convalescent) to detect seroconversion`

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15
Q

control of CPV-2

A

fluid replacement, control acidosis and vomiting

broad spectrum antibiotics

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16
Q

Prevention of CPV-2

A

vaccine is available- both MLV and inactivated

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17
Q

puppies with no maternal antibodies to CPV-2

A

or titer <5

susceptible to both infection with CPV-2 AND susceptible to CPV-2 in the MLV vaccine (can be properly immunized with MLV)

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18
Q

Puppies with high levels of maternal Ab (>80 titer)

A

are resistant to infection or vaccination with MLV (cannot respond to vaccination due to neutralization)

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19
Q

puppies with maternal Ab titers between 5 and 80

A

can become infected with virulent CPV-2 but CANNOT be immunized with MLv virus

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20
Q

When do puppies become susceptible to infection with CPV-2?

A

when titers drop below 80

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21
Q

when do puppies become uniformly susceptible to CPV-2 infection?

A

when titer drops below 40

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22
Q

When do puppies allow successful vaccination?

A

when titer drops below 5

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23
Q

What is the “window period” for CPV-2?

A

the period during which puppies can become infected but not immunized… titer between 40 and 5

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24
Q

how should puppies be vaccinated?

A

starting at 6-8 weeks, and repeatedly vaccinated every 2-3 weeks until they are 18 weeks old

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25
Q

Canine Parvovirus-1 Infection

A

AVIRULENT virus of dogs (“Minute virus of canine”)

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26
Q

is CPV-1 similar to CPV-2

A

they are antigenically distinct

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27
Q

what does infection with CPV-1 cause?

A

asymptomatic disease which results in seroconversion

mild diarrhea in pups 5-21 days old… poor growing pups (“fading pups”)

can cause abortions in bitches

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28
Q

Canine Distemper virus synonyms

A

hard pad disease

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29
Q

Where has canine distemper recently been seen and gained notoriety?

A

African lions

1/3 of infected lions developed neuro disease (seizures)

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30
Q

canine distemper family and genus and classification

A

family Paramyxoviridae, genus morbillivirus

large enveloped virus with ssRNA and helical nucleocapsid (envelope has fusion and hemagglutination protein)

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31
Q

what proteins are in the envelope of distemper?

A

fusion and hemagglutination protein

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32
Q

What is distemper antigencally related to?

A

measles and rinderpest virus

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33
Q

What species does Distemper infect?

A 
wild and domestic dogs
RACCOONS
Mink
skunk
seals
cat
lions, tiger, cheetah
ferret
34
Q

how is distemper transmitted?

A

aerosol droplets, very contagious

also by contact with mucous membranes or urine/feces

35
Q

Does distemper survive in environment well?

A

NO

easily inactivated by disinfectants

36
Q

are recovered dogs carriers of distemper?

A

NO

37
Q

what animal is important for maintenance of virus in circulation?

A

raccoons and other wild animals

38
Q

clinical signs of Distemper

A

signs depend on age and immune status of dog and virulence of virus

39
Q

what percentage of distemper infections are subclinical?

A

50%

40
Q

mild infections of Distemper

A

ocular/nasal discharge, fever, cough (indistinguishable from other respiratory infections)

leukopenia (lymphopenia) common early in disease

41
Q

severe infections of distemper

A

respiratory signs predominate

  • mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharges, lung infection with moist productive cough, pneumonia
  • can also have GI signs (V, D)

usually ends in death

42
Q

what causes the GI signs of distemper virus?

A

usually a result of secondary bacterial infection with salmonella

43
Q

CNS signs of distemper: when, what?

A

CNS signs seen late during or after respiratory signs… can be seen after the dog seemingly recovers from a mild respiratory disease

seizures, ataxia, myoclonus, chorea (twitching), ascending paralysis

44
Q

what is the result of CNS signs of distemper?

A

either rdeath or recovery with permanent residual CNS signs

45
Q

Other signs of Distemper (3)

A

1) Hyperkeratosis of foot pads (Hard Pad Disease)
- after they recover… these dogs more likely will develop CNS signs

2) teeth deformities (enamel hypoplasia) in young pups

3) Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (aka metaphyseal osteopathy)
- seen with systemic CDV and following vaccination with MLV vaccine of CDV

46
Q

Encephalitis caused by Distemper

A

“Old dog Encephalitis”

rare condition- ataxia, head pressing, pacing, uncoordination

no history of distemper

no infectious CDV seen in brain, but FA on CNS tissue is positive for CDV

47
Q

raccoon CDV

A

same signs as canine

nasal/ocular discharge
respiratory signs, cough
fever
vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, weakness
CNS signs- most noticeable… wander aimlessly, not scared of humans, seizures, sudden aggression
hyperkeratosis of foot pads

48
Q

pathogenesis of Distemper

A

virus enters oropharynx, replicates in tissue macrophages

carried by these macs to tonsils and bronchial LN (replicates in macs, DC, and lymphocytes)

viremia follows virus replication in leukocytes

virus then spreads and infects cells in many different organs (pantropic virus)-epithelial cells of respiratory and GI tracts, skin, and glial cells and neurons of CNS

Skin and CNS infection occur late infection process… if immune response is quick, these do not get infected

secondary bacterial infection also important in pathogenesis of CDV- exacerbates pneumonia and diarrhea

49
Q

what does the disease outcome of distemper dependent on?

A

speed of immune response/neutralizing Ab

if antibodies are developed by 9 days and high titers by 14 days, the animal clears the infection and recovers

if antibodies are not made by 9 days, virus disseminates to all organs and animal will die

if intermediate immune response (delayed until 14 days to produce Ab or no increase in titers between 9 and 14 days), virus infects CNS and epithelial tissue… CDV can be cleared from lymphoid tissues but persists in neurons and epithelia… can cause CNS signs and hyperkeratosis

50
Q

Diagnosis of CDV

A

History (unvaccinated young dog, respiratory disease, nasal and ocular discharge, seizures)

Clin path

  • leukopenia with absolute LYMPHOPENIA
  • exam of buffy coat smear or cytology of conjunctiva/respi epithelium shows low number of inclusions in leukocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes (will light up when FA test is performed)
  • CSF exam in dogs with neuro signs- increased protein and lymphocytes in CSF

Pahology
-at necropsy: resp and GI tracts affected (interstitial pneumonia, secondary bacterial infection)
-histopath: IN and IC eosinophilic inclusions in astrocytes, resp, GI, and bladder epithelial cells
~lymphoid depletion in all lymphoid tissue
~demyelination and lymphocytic inflammation within cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem
~non-suppurative meningoencephalitis

RT-PCR

FA and IHC are important tests for diagnosing CDV Ag
-submit spleen, tonsils, LN, lungs, duodenum, brain

high IgM titers during acute infection
IgG Ab seen with maternal Ab, vaccination, prior infection, or recent infection

51
Q

Treatment of Distemper

A

supportive care, non-specific treatment
Vitamin C, Vitamin A
anticonvulsants
antibiotics

52
Q

Vaccine for Distemper

A

MLV for best vaccine protection… but post vaccine complications with MLV (encephalitis in young pups)

a recombinant canarypox vaccine containing F and H protein is available for dogs and zoo animals ***Can immunize pups in the presence of maternal antibodies

1 dose of MLV can provide protection in colostrum-deprived pups of any age

pups can consume colostrum- immunized until 12-14 weeks (vaccinate these pups from 8 weeks until 16 weeks)

yearly re-vaccination is recommended

53
Q

measles vaccination for distemper

A

MLV measles was used to immunize pups and cause self-limiting non-contagious infection… can be used in the face of maternal Ab

no we use recombinant vaccine instead

54
Q

Canine Adenovirus-1 synonyms

A

Infectious Canine Hepatitis
Rubarth’s disease
fox encephalitis

55
Q

canine Adenovirus-1 family, classification

A

family Adenoviridae
non-enveloped, ds DNA virus
icosahedral symmetry (12 fibers)
resistant virus in environment

56
Q

CAV-1 disease

A

causes hepatitis with basophilic IN inclusions in hepatocytes`

57
Q

age range susceptible to CAV-1

A

younger dogs

most infections are subclinical and do not result in disease

58
Q

what is the source of virus for CAV-1?

A

infected and recovered animals (recovered animals can excrete virus for months in URINE)

59
Q

how do recovered animals excrete CAV-1?

A

urine

60
Q

transmission and incubation period of CAV-1

A

transmission is by direct contact- mucosal contact with urine or fomites

incubation period 1 week

61
Q

Forms of clinical disease of CAV-1

A

1) inapparent form (most infections)
- mild subclinical disease

2) mild respiratory form
- pharyngitis, laryngitis, tonsillitis (more common with CAV-2)

3) Acute (hepatitis) form (rare)
- sudden onset disease, fever, vomiting, thirst
- diarrhea (dark feces from hemorrhage)
- pale mucus membranes with petechial
- icterus

4) Ocular form “Blue Eye”
- seen in 25% of dogs that recover from CAV-1
- transient corneal opacity caused by edema of cornea as a consequence of uveitis (hypersensitivity type III)
- can also be seen in 1-2% of dogs 8-10 days after vaccination with MLV vaccine

5) encephalitic form
- very common in foxes, up to 20% of foxes
- seizures, aimless wandering

62
Q

pathogenesis of CAV-1

A

virus multiplies in oropharynx/tonsils, then invades lymphatics with resultant viremia

CAV-1 infects vascular endothelial cells and disseminates throughout body causing necrosis of endothelial cells of blood vessels and hepatocytes

leads to consumptive coagulopathy (DIC), petechial, ecchymosis

damage to hepatocytes in acute hepatic necrosis with typical IN inclusions in hepatocytes

when Ab appear (7 days), immune complexes are formed, deposited in kidneys and EYE (results in kerato-uveitis/type III), causing “blue eye”

63
Q

Diagnosis of CAV-1

A

Clin path (marked neutropenia and lymphopenia… thrombocytopenia, elevated Liver enzymes)

pathology

  • at necropsy: swollen liver with markedly swollen hemorrhagic gallbladder, petechial
  • at histopath: basophilic IN inclusion bodies in endothelial cells and hepatocytes

PCR id’s viral DNA in blood

FA and IHC are BY FAR the most important tests for diagnosis (viral Ag)

64
Q

can dogs become re-infected after they recover from CAV-1

A

no, dogs that survive infection develop strong lifelong immunity and are protected

65
Q

Prevention of CAV-1

A

maternal Ab transfer will protect pups until 12 weeks

vaccinate with CAV-2**- CAV-2 is antigenically related to CAV-1, so it is the vaccine of choice… CAV-2 MLV also has not been associated with blue eye

66
Q

Canine Herpesvirus-1

A

causes acute highly lethal generalized infection in young puppies < 2 weeks

67
Q

who gets canine herpesvirus-1?

A

high percentage of bitches and male dogs are latent carriers in sacral ganglia (50% carriers)

puppies < 2 weeks are the ones affected-lethal

68
Q

what is canine herpesvirus-1?

A

only 1 serotype of canine herpesvirus

alpha-herpesvirus

69
Q

how is herpesvirus transmitted in adult dogs?

A

venereally

pups infected from birth via infected vaginal mucosa from dam

70
Q

clinical signs of canince herpesvirus in adult dogs

A

in adults, lesions are rare (can occur during stress/oestrus… lesions on vulva, vagina, penis–> vesicles/ulcers)

71
Q

clinical signs of canine herpesvirus in puppies

A

in pups less than 2 weeks old, acute highly lethal generalized infection

  • puppies infected from birth via contact with infected vaginal mucosa
  • virus spreads hematogenously resulting in disseminated fatal infection
  • soft greenish stool, labored breathing, abd pain, death in 24-48 hrs
72
Q

how does the virus spread in body

A

hematogenously

73
Q

does herpesvirus cause fever?

A

NO

74
Q

pathogenesis of herpesvirus

A

upon recrudesce from sacral ganglia, CHV-1 replicates on genital mucosa, transmitted venereally

if bitch is seropositive at time of whelping, she passes anti-CHV-1 Ab to pups via colostrum and pups are protected against the DISEASE

if bitch is seronegative at time of whelping, pups will have no protection and will develop disease

**this is only relevant to bitches whelping for the first time… pups from subsequent litters do not develop disseminated fatal from of CHV-1

75
Q

Diagnosis of herpesvirus

A

history (genital lesions, non-febrile acute disease with mortality within 2 days in <2 week pups)

pathology

  • at necropsy: lesions are characteristic (can make diagnosis on gross lesions)- disseminated focal necrosis and hemorrhage in all organs, especially kidneys and liver. Kidneys appear mottled- disseminated ecchymotic hemorrhage
  • histopath: foci of necrosis and hemorrhage in liver, kidney, lung with IN inclusions

virus isolation in tissue culture cells

PCR to id virus DNA

FA detection of viral Ag

detection of circulating Ab
-dogs will develop neutralizing Ab measured by VNT

76
Q

what type of dams is this disease seen in?

A

bad bitches that whelp for the first time

poor mothering ability
-disease is rarely observed in the same bitch at subsequent whelpings

77
Q

do neutralizing antibodies prevent recrudescence of virus from nerve cells?

A

no

78
Q

do maternal antibodies prevent infection?

A

NO- maternal Ab prevent disease, puppies can still be infected

-if a pup is infected at birth but protected by maternal Ab, virus can latently infect nerve cells of the pup without the pup mounting an immune response–> when pup becomes an adult, it can recrudesce and not have Ab to protect the infected pups (if the dog is whelping). Subsequent pups are then susceptible to disease… after this first episode, bitch will mount solid immune response and protect subsequent litters

79
Q

treatment of canine herpesvirus

A

increasing body temp to 103* will increase survival
~bad bitches will leave pups unattended and not provide the warmth necessary for treatment

hyperimmune serum can be used on surviving pups in the litter

80
Q

is there a canine herpesvirus-1 vaccine?

A

no

virology (5 decks)

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