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psyc- cognitive > multistore model > Flashcards

multistore model Flashcards

1
Q

who proposed this

A

akinson and shiffrin 1968

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2
Q

what are the 3 compartments

A

sensory memory
short term memory
long term memory

each are seperate components that are linked

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3
Q

how are these linked

A

linear

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4
Q

what is the sensory memory

A

Where all sensory information from the environment passes into or is held including:
Eyes for sight
Ears for sounds
Nose for smell
Tongue for taste
Skin for touch/pressure

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5
Q

how is the memory stored

A

coding

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6
Q

what does this mean

A

type of memory stored in each memory store

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7
Q

what is it for stm

A

accoustic

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8
Q

what is it for ltm

A

semantic

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9
Q

what does acoustic mean

A

memory based off sound

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10
Q

what does semantic mean

A

memory based off its meaning

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11
Q

what is the store for visual information

A

iconic (cus like i- eye type shii)

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12
Q

what is the store for acoustic information

A

echoic (cus like echoooo you hear the echoooo ygm pur)

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13
Q

how long does the information last for in the sensory memory

A

about half a second

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14
Q

is the capacity for the sensory memory big

A

yah queen its huge x

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15
Q

duration meaning

A

Duration refers to the amount of time that information can be stored in each memory store.

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16
Q

attention meaning

A

Attention is a key process connecting the SR to the short-term memory store (STM)

If attention is paid to the information passing into the SM then it can be passed onto STM meaning this comes in between SM and STM

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17
Q

capacity meaning

A

amount of information that a memory store can hold at one time.

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18
Q

how is the information typically encoded in the stm

A

acoustically

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19
Q

who discovered that

A

Baddely 1966

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20
Q

what is rehearsal

A

process of repeating information in order to keep it in memory.

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21
Q

what is the capacity of the stm

A

7+/-2
‘magic number’

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22
Q

who discovered this

A

Miller 1956

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23
Q

what is needed for memories to go from stm to ltm

A

retrieval and rehearsal

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24
Q

what else did he discover

A

chunking information together helps the short term memory capacity
provided a clear framework on stms limit
gave a quantifiable basis for understanding the limitations of short-term memory

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25
what are the two types of rehearsal
Maintenance rehearsal is a surface-level repetition of the information (e.g. repeating a phone number in your head) Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing (e.g. learning lines for a play)
26
how long does the memory last in the stm if rehearsal is not repeated (whats the duration of the stm)
18-30s
27
who discovered this
Peterson and Peterson
28
what 2 ways can we prevent memories enter the ltm (forget them)
decay and displacement
29
what does decay mean
This refers to the gradual fading or loss of information over time if it is not rehearsed. According to the MSM, information stored in short-term memory (STM) will fade or decay after about 18–30 seconds unless it is rehearsed and transferred into long-term memory (LTM).
30
what is displacement
when new information pushes out older information from STM due to its limited capacity (7 ± 2 items). When STM is full, new information "displaces" the previous items, leading to loss of those older memories.
31
what is the capacity of the ltm
unlimited
32
what is the duration of the ltm
considered to be unlimited or potentially permanent- can be stored for life
33
how do we access memories in the ltm
To recall information that has passed into LTM it must be accessed and transferred to STM, this is known as retrieval
34
how is the ltm coded
semantically (based off meaning)
35
what is retention
ability to store and recall information over time- memories being kept safe
36
who studied ltm
Bahrick et al (1975)
37
what type of study was this
longitudinal study
38
what were his conclusions
ltm rarely forgotten but cues are sometimes needed- supports very long duration as shown to be over 46 years in this instance high external (generalizability of results) and ecological validity)
39
what are the 3 types of long term memory
episodic semantic procedural
40
episodic meaning
memories which have some kind of personal meaning to us, alongside details as to when and how these events occurred, as well as the associated people and places. An example would be the memory of a wedding or the first time meeting a partner.
41
semantic meaning
our memories of the world and the associated knowledge e.g. an understanding of what words, themes and concepts mean.
42
procedural
our memories of ‘learned skills’, such as swimming or driving.
43
which 2 out of these are recalled consciously
episodic semantic
44
which out of these is recalled unconsciously
procedural
45
what happened in the case of HM
had surgery and during he had parts of his brain removed, including his hippocampus
46
what was the outcome of this
Short-term memory remained largely intact. HM could hold information in his short-term memory for a short period, but he was unable to transfer this information into long-term memory even after rehearsing or being exposed to information repeatedly, he couldn't form new long-term memories due to his damaged hippocampus which has a large role in the ltm
47
how does this support the MSM (this can be an eval point)
supports the seperation of the memory stores and that they have distinct roles as his stm was fine but he couldnt transfer info to his ltm suggests that rehearsal and the ability to transfer information from STM to LTM are essential for encoding into LTM as he was unable to perform this transfer of information into LTM even after rehearsing or being exposed to information repeatedly but couldn't due to his damaged hippocampus
48
what happened in the case of KF
(Shallice & Warrington, 1970) brain damage following a motorcycle accident. His injury primarily impacted his short-term memory (STM) while leaving his long-term memory (LTM) relatively intact.
49
does this support or chalalnge the msm
challenge
50
how
KF had difficulty with verbal material in STM (e.g., remembering words or numbers), but his memory for visual information (e.g., faces, objects) was largely unaffected
51
what does it suggest
The MSM suggests that STM is a single, unitary store for all types of information (verbal and visual). However, KF's case shows that STM may be more complex and may have separate subsystems for different types of information
52
what conclusions can we then make about the msm due to the case of KF (use as an a03 point)
msm may be too simplistic
53
who else did another study showing flaws of the msm
craik and lockhart
54
what did they find dawg i love you and me and youve got this!
They proposed that memory retention is determined by the depth of processing rather than the type of memory store involved. They argued that deeper processing (e.g., semantic processing, thinking about meaning) leads to better long-term memory retention compared to maintenance rehearsal (shallow processing) They argued that the way information is processed (depth of processing) is what determines how well it is remembered, not whether it is stored in STM or LTM.
55
as an advantage, who studied acoustic and semantic memories
Baddeley (1966)
56
what happened and what did he find
study on on coding, capacity and duration support the theory of having separate memory stores Baddeley (1966) tested the recall of four groups of participants with different lists of words Baddeley found that similar-sounding (acoustic) words can get mixed up when using STM, but similar-meaning (semantic) words get mixed up when using LTM This suggests that there is a clear distinction between STM and LTM
57
what type of experiment was this
controlled lab experiment
58
go on pmt and there are the eval points for the diff types of ltm :) soz i didnt finish the deck
59
what are the 2 diff types of ltms
declarative procedural
60
who did a contradictory study of peterson and peterson
Marsher et al 1997
61
what did this study find
said cus pp knew they were going to be tested on trigrams it wasnt a true test of the stm conducted their own study and found that sometimes foegtting would happen after just 2 seconds
62
what does this then suggest
stm shorter than peterson and peterson suggested

psyc- cognitive (5 decks)

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