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Advanced Networking > Multiple IP Performance & Redundancy > Flashcards

Multiple IP Performance & Redundancy Flashcards

1
Q

What does Link Aggregation allow interfaces to do

A

Link Aggregation allows multiple network interfaces to combine into a single logical interface. This improves performance by increasing bandwidth and provides failover to maintain connection reliability.

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2
Q

Where is Link Aggregation used?

A

Data Centers: To connect servers to switches with higher throughput and reliability.

Enterprise Networks: For connecting switches or routers to improve performance and avoid downtime.

Storage Systems: In NAS or SAN setups to ensure fast and redundant data access.

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3
Q

What protocol controls Link Aggregation

A

LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol) controls Link Aggregation

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4
Q

What are the benefits of Link Aggregation

A

Provides benefits such as:
- increased bandwidth by combining multiple links,
- improved fault tolerance with automatic failover if one link fails
- efficient load balancing for optimized traffic distribution.

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5
Q

What is a limitation of Link Aggregation

A

it typically only works up to the nearest switch, meaning it cannot aggregate links across multiple switches unless specific technologies like MLAG (Multi-Chassis Link Aggregation) are used

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6
Q

What is VLAN used for

A

A VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) is used to deliver multiple logically separated networks over a single physical cable

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7
Q

What are the benefits of VLAN

A

VLAN enables segmentation for security, performance, or organizational purposes

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8
Q

What identifies a VLAN in Ethernet frames

A

A VLAN is identified in Ethernet frames by a VLAN tag, which is a 12-bit identifier

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9
Q

What is the default behavior for untagged frames in VLANs

A

They are assigned a per-port default network

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10
Q

What are untagged ports in VLANs also known as

A

Access ports

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11
Q

What is the purpose of tagged ports in VLANs

A

To transmit and receive only tagged packets, allowing multiple VLANs to share a single physical connection between switches or routers

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12
Q

What is the security level of VLANs

A

The security level of VLANs is relatively weak, as it only provides logical separation.

Can compare it to marking private on an envelope

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13
Q

What is the benefit of combining Link Aggregation with VLANs

A

Provides resilience by ensuring failover and improved bandwidth for multiple VLANs, while also maintaining network separation and load balancing across links

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14
Q

What is the naive approach to load balancing

A

Treat all servers as one machine and rely on DNS round-robin

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15
Q

What is the role of a load balancer

A

To distribute incoming connections to the least loaded active server

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16
Q

What does a load balancer use to maintain session consistency

A

Source tracking for “sticky” connections

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17
Q

What does VRRP stand for

A

Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol

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18
Q

What does VRRP enable for routers and firewalls

A

Failover by advertising a shared IP address

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19
Q

What is the purpose of mutual monitoring in VRRP

A

To prevent split-brain scenarios during failover

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20
Q

What is anycasting in networking

A

Advertising the same IP address from multiple locations for redundancy

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21
Q

How does anycasting benefit DNS and CDNs

A

It provides load balancing and redundancy

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22
Q

What is a drawback of anycasting with TCP

A

New routes can disrupt long-lived connections

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23
Q

What are the key benefits of VLANs

A

Multiple logical networks on one physical infrastructure

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24
Q

What are the main benefits of Link Aggregation

A

Improved performance and faster failover

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25
Q

What is the purpose of load balancing

A

To share traffic among multiple systems behind a single IP

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26
Q

What is the goal of VRRP

A

To ensure service continuity through failover

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27
Q

What is the advantage of anycasting with UDP

A

It works well for short-lived connections

28
Q

What is a tagged port in VLANs

A

One that transmits all packets with a VLAN tag

29
Q

What is an untagged port in VLANs

A

One that strips or adds VLAN tags automatically

30
Q

Why is VLAN security considered weak

A

It can be easily bypassed if the switch is compromised

31
Q

What is the benefit of combining VLAN tagging and Link Aggregation

A

Delivering multiple networks over aggregated links

32
Q

What does a load balancer do during a server failure

A

Redirects traffic to other active servers

33
Q

What is the purpose of the PVID in VLANs

A

To assign untagged frames to a default VLAN

34
Q

How does VRRP handle a failed router

A

Another router takes over the shared IP address

35
Q

What does the term “router on a stick” refer to

A

Using a single router interface for multiple VLANs

36
Q

What is the function of BGP in anycasting

A

To advertise routes to the same IP address from multiple locations

37
Q

What is the main limitation of anycasting with TCP

A

It struggles with long-lived connections

38
Q

What is the primary role of a load balancer in modern networking

A

To manage traffic and ensure efficient resource usage

39
Q

How does anycasting improve redundancy

A

By routing traffic to the nearest available server

40
Q

Why should VLANs not be used for hard security

A

They fail to provide strong separation assurances

41
Q

What is the difference between tagged and untagged VLAN ports

A

Tagged ports transmit all packets with tags while untagged ports strip or add tags

42
Q

What are the primary uses of anycasting

A

Handling DNS queries static web content and CDNs

43
Q

What is the purpose of load balancing HTTP and HTTPS

A

To distribute requests while maintaining session consistency

44
Q

What does VRRP provide for network devices

A

Failover for shared IP addresses

45
Q

What is the purpose of stacked tags or Q-in-Q in VLANs

A

To allow VLANs within VLANs for complex setups

46
Q

What is the main benefit of load balancers for web servers

A

They ensure even distribution of traffic and prevent overload

47
Q

What is the primary use case for VRRP

A

Failover for critical services like DHCP or DNS

48
Q

What is the impact of anycasting on DNS load balancing

A

It has largely replaced DNS-based load balancing

49
Q

What is the main challenge of using anycasting for TCP-based services

A

Connection disruptions due to route changes

50
Q

What are inbound NAT load balancers used for

A

Distributing connections among servers behind a single IP

51
Q

What is the role of BGP in anycasting

A

To advertise the same IP from multiple locations

52
Q

What is a potential issue with naive DNS round-robin load balancing

A

It provides uneven distribution and poor failure handling

53
Q

What is the primary purpose of VLAN tags

A

To identify the network a frame belongs to

54
Q

What does Link Aggregation achieve in network performance

A

It improves throughput and provides failover

55
Q

What is the security limitation of VLANs

A

They rely on tags which can be manipulated

56
Q

What is the difference between access and trunk ports in VLANs

A

Access ports are untagged while trunk ports carry multiple tagged VLANs

57
Q

How does a load balancer detect server health

A

Through pings live connection counts or other metrics

58
Q

What does VRRP do when a primary router fails

A

A secondary router takes over the shared IP address

59
Q

What is a key advantage of anycasting

A

It reduces latency by routing to the closest server

60
Q

What is a naive approach to implementing load balancing

A

Using DNS round-robin without considering server health

61
Q

How do switches handle VLAN tagging

A

They add or strip tags based on configuration

62
Q

What is a common design pattern involving VRRP

A

A pair of load balancers managing active-active backend servers

63
Q

What is the purpose of Link Aggregation in modern networking

A

To provide redundancy and load balancing

64
Q

Why is anycasting ideal for DNS

A

It routes queries to the nearest available server

65
Q

What is the benefit of combining Link Aggregation and VLANs

A

Enhanced resilience with network separation

66
Q

What is the function of a load balancer for HTTP and HTTPS traffic

A

To ensure session consistency while distributing requests

Advanced Networking (9 decks)

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