Multiple Choice Questions Flashcards
1
Q
Abraham Maslow’s assumptions of motivation
A
- Motivation is holistic, involving the entire person.
- It’s complex, driven by various motives, some of which may be unconscious.
- People are continually motivated by shifting needs, with one need replacing another.
- Basic needs like food, safety, and friendship are universal.
- Needs can be arranged hierarchically, with some being more fundamental than others.
2
Q
Abraham Maslow’s assumptions of motivation
Aesthetic Needs
A
- Aesthetic needs are not universal but are present in some individuals across cultures.
- Those with strong aesthetic needs seek beauty and order in their surroundings.
- Lack of aesthetic fulfillment can lead to physical and spiritual discomfort.
- People generally prefer beauty over ugliness and may suffer in disorderly environments.
3
Q
Abraham Maslow’s assumptions of motivation
Cognitive Needs
A
- Most people have a natural curiosity and desire to understand and solve mysteries.
- Cognitive needs are essential for fulfilling all other needs in Maslow’s hierarchy.
- Knowledge is crucial for meeting physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs.
- People who are deprived of cognitive needs may develop skepticism, disillusionment, and cynicism.
- Consistent denial of information or stifling of curiosity can lead to pathological behaviors.
4
Q
Abraham Maslow’s assumptions of motivation
Neurotic Needs
A
- Neurotic needs hinder personal growth and well-being, leading to stagnation and pathology.
- These needs are nonproductive and perpetuate unhealthy lifestyles.
- Neurotic needs often arise as a compensation for unsatisfied basic needs.
- For instance, a person lacking safety may develop a hoarding drive for money or property, leading to pathology.
- Neurotic relationships may form as compensations, lacking genuine connection and leading to pathology.
5
Q
Actualizing Tendency by Rogers
A
- The actualizing tendency drives individuals toward fulfilling their potential and realizing their capacities.
- It encompasses various aspects of the individual, including physiological, intellectual, emotional, and unconscious aspects.
- The actualizing tendency involves both maintaining and enhancing the organism.
- Maintenance needs include basic survival requirements and resistance to change.
- Enhancement involves the desire for growth, learning, and development.
- Individuals possess innate creative power to solve problems and alter self-concepts.
- Humans have the concept of self and the potential for self-actualization.
- Certain conditions, like congruence, empathy, and unconditional positive regard, are necessary for full actualization.
6
Q
Types of Dispositions (Allport)
Cardinal Dispositions
A
- Cardinal dispositions are dominant traits that shape a person’s life and actions.
- They are so prominent that they define the individual and are difficult to conceal.
- Examples include traits like quixotic, chauvinistic, narcissistic, sadistic, and Don Juan.
- These traits are often associated with historical figures or fictional characters.
- Cardinal dispositions are unique to each individual and not shared with others.
- When these traits are used to describe others, they become common traits.
7
Q
Types of Dispositions (Allport)
Central Dispositions
A
- Central dispositions are the most prominent characteristics that define a person’s life.
- Each individual typically has 5 to 10 central dispositions.
- These traits are so significant that they would be highlighted in a letter of recommendation written by someone who knows the person well.
- Friends and close acquaintances would also agree on these descriptive traits when asked about the person.
- Central dispositions play a crucial role in shaping an individual’s personality and behavior.
8
Q
Types of Dispositions (Allport)
Secondary Dispositions
A
- Secondary dispositions are numerous but less prominent than central dispositions.
- They occur regularly and influence specific behaviors.
- Unlike central dispositions, they are not core traits that define a person’s identity.
- Secondary dispositions contribute to the complexity of human behavior and personality.
- While less conspicuous, they still play a significant role in shaping how individuals interact with the world.
9
Q
Types of Dispositions (Allport)
Motivational Dispositions
A
- All personal dispositions have motivational power.
- Intensely experienced dispositions are called motivational dispositions.
- These dispositions are strongly felt and driven by basic needs and drives.
- Motivational dispositions play a significant role in shaping behavior and actions.
- They are dynamic and can vary in strength among individuals.
10
Q
Types of Dispositions (Allport)
Stylistic Dispositions
A
- Stylistic dispositions guide actions, while motivational dispositions initiate actions.
- Stylistic dispositions, like neat appearance, influence behavior without strong motivational force.
- Politeness is an example of a stylistic disposition, while eating is more motivated by hunger.
- The strength of stylistic and motivational dispositions determines behavior in different situations.
11
Q
Self Efficacy by Bandura
A
- Self-efficacy is the belief in one’s capability to control events, while outcome expectations concern predicted consequences.
- Self-efficacy focuses on confidence in performing behaviors, while outcome expectations consider the results of those behaviors.
- For example, a job applicant may have high self-efficacy in their interview skills but anticipate low chances of being hired due to external factors.
- Self-efficacy differs from basic motor skills and does not guarantee behavior execution without anxiety.
- Unlike self-esteem, self-efficacy varies across situations and is influenced by factors like required competencies and physiological states.
- High self-efficacy in responsive environments predicts success, while low self-efficacy may lead to depression.
- High self-efficacy in unresponsive environments may result in intensified efforts for change, while low self-efficacy may lead to apathy and helplessness.
12
Q
Walter Mischel’s Consistency Paradox
A
- Global personality traits like honesty or friendliness are often assumed to dictate behavior across different situations.
- However, empirical evidence shows significant variability in behavior, challenging the idea of trait consistency.
- Studies have found low correlations between traits and behavior, indicating the unpredictability of specific behaviors based on personality traits.
- Mischel’s research highlights the limitations of trait-based explanations of behavior and stresses the importance of considering situational factors in understanding human behavior.
