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BIOL 1001 > Multiple Choice Questions > Flashcards

Multiple Choice Questions Flashcards

1
Q

In the study of fossils, which environment is expected to facilitate fossil formation due to its low oxygen content and acidic nature?

A) Lakes
B) Deserts
C) Bogs
D) Mountains

A

C) Bogs

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2
Q

What term refers to a biological structure that has lost its ancestral function and is usually reduced in size?

A) Homology
B) Vestigial structure
C) Phylogeny
D) Allele

A

B) Vestigial structure

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3
Q

Which of the following best describes homologous structures?

A) Ancestral organisms that are very commonly seen in the fossil record.
B) Ancestral organisms that have no distinguishing features and are very common.
C) Ancestral organisms that are shared by two or more descendant organisms.
D) Ancestral organisms that are no longer in existence.

A

C) Ancestral organisms that are shared by two or more descendant organisms.

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4
Q

What did Lamarck propose as mechanisms for how life changes over time?

A) Natural selection
B) Mutation
C) Use and disuse, inheritance of acquired characteristics
D) Sexual reproduction

A

C) Use and disuse, inheritance of acquired characteristics

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5
Q

In the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation, what does “p” represent?

A) Frequency of homozygous genotype
B) Frequency of heterozygous genotype
C) Frequency of one allele in the population
D) Frequency of both alleles in the population

A

C) Frequency of one allele in the population

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6
Q

If two populations of the same species have the same allele frequency, does that mean they have the same genotypic frequencies?

A) Yes
B) No

A

B) No

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7
Q

In which other type of selection do you see an impact on genetic variation similar to that in directional selection?

A) Disruptive selection
B) Stabilizing selection
C) Both disruptive and stabilizing selection

A

B) Stabilizing selection

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8
Q

Which of the following statements is true about the flies that survived to reproduce in the experiment?

A) They were a random sample of the population
B) They were a non-random sample of the population
C) Natural selection is random, but the flies that survived to reproduce were a non-random sample of the population

A

B) They were a non-random sample of the population

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9
Q

What is the primary driving force behind evolutionary change in populations?

A) Genetic drift
B) Natural selection
C) Mutation
D) Gene flow

A

B) Natural selection

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10
Q

Which of the following best describes the concept of genetic drift?

A) The movement of genes from one population to another
B) The process by which new alleles arise within a population
C) Random changes in allele frequencies due to chance events
D) The transfer of alleles from one generation to the next

A

C) Random changes in allele frequencies due to chance events

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11
Q

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for natural selection to occur?

A) Variation in traits within a population
B) Differential reproductive success
C) Environmental stability
D) Heritability of traits

A

C) Environmental stability

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12
Q

In a population of birds, those with longer beaks are better able to access food sources in deep flowers. Over time, the average beak length in the population increases. What type of selection is most likely occurring?

A) Stabilizing selection
B) Directional selection
C) Disruptive selection
D) Sexual selection

A

B) Directional selection

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13
Q

What term describes the process by which two unrelated species evolve similar traits due to adapting to similar environments?

A) Convergent evolution
B) Divergent evolution
C) Adaptive radiation
D) Parallel evolution

A

A) Convergent evolution

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14
Q

The genetic makeup of an individual is referred to as its:

A) Phenotype
B) Genotype
C) Allele frequency
D) Chromosome number

A

B) Genotype

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15
Q

If a population of rabbits experiences a sudden decrease in size due to a disease outbreak, and the survivors have a different allele frequency compared to the original population, what is this an example of?

A) Gene flow
B) Genetic drift
C) Mutation
D) Natural selection

A

B) Genetic drift

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16
Q

Which of the following terms refers to the process by which two populations of the same species become reproductively isolated from each other?

A) Genetic drift
B) Allopatric speciation
C) Sympatric speciation
D) Gene flow

A

B) Allopatric speciation

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17
Q

Which of the following statements about gene flow is true?

A) Gene flow always leads to adaptation to local conditions.
B) Gene flow occurs when individuals migrate between populations and survive and reproduce.
C) Gene flow can speed up adaptation to local conditions.
D) Gene flow is non-random with respect to fitness.

A

B) Gene flow occurs when individuals migrate between populations and survive and reproduce.

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18
Q

In a scenario with 10 populations, each with 20 individuals, and no mutation or gene flow, what would you expect to happen to allele frequencies over time?

A) Allele frequencies will remain constant in each population.
B) Allele frequencies will become fixed in each population.
C) Allele frequencies will fluctuate due to genetic drift.
D) New alleles will arise due to genetic drift.

A

C) Allele frequencies will fluctuate due to genetic drift.

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19
Q

What is the primary consequence of inbreeding in a population?

A) Increased genetic variation.
B) Increased heterozygosity.
C) Reduced fitness due to breeding with related individuals.
D) Accelerated speciation.

A

C) Reduced fitness due to breeding with related individuals.

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20
Q

According to the biological species concept, which mechanism is NOT acting when two groups of organisms are identified as different species?

A) Genetic drift.
B) Natural selection.
C) Mutation.
D) Gene flow.

A

D) Gene flow.

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21
Q

Which of the following species concepts relies on the examination of ecological niches and interactions?

a) Biological species concept
b) Morphological species concept
c) Ecological species concept
d) Phylogenetic species concept
e) Hybridization species concept

A

c) Ecological species concept

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22
Q

What type of reproductive isolating mechanism is characterized by changes in mate recognition or behavior before the formation of a zygote?

a) Prezygotic isolation
b) Postzygotic isolation
c) Sympatric isolation
d) Allopatric isolation
e) Parapatric isolation

A

a) Prezygotic isolation

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23
Q

Which evolutionary mechanism involves the production of multiple copies of a single gene, potentially leading to morphological innovations?

a) Genetic drift
b) Natural selection
c) Gene flow
d) Gene duplication
e) Genetic recombination

A

d) Gene duplication

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24
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of a population’s range?

a) The specific area where individuals within the population reside
b) The variety of abiotic and biotic factors influencing the population
c) The distribution of individuals within the habitat
d) The interactions between individuals and other species
e) The proportion of individuals able to reproduce

A

a) The specific area where individuals within the population reside

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25
Q

When investigating how annual precipitation affects tree species distribution, what type of ecological factor is being studied?

a) Biotic factor
b) Predator-prey interaction
c) Abiotic factor
d) Competition for resources
e) Mutualistic relationship

A

c) Abiotic factor

26
Q

In the interaction between social weavers and other species that use their nests, what type of interaction is observed?

a) Parasitism (+/-)
b) Mutualism (+/-)
c) Commensalism (0/0)
d) Mutualism (+/+)

A

d) Mutualism (+/+)

27
Q

What does resilience measure in a community?

a) The ability to withstand change and disturbance without changing at all.
b) The ability to recover to former levels of productivity or species richness after a disturbance.
c) The total biomass of a community.
d) The species richness of a community.

A

b) The ability to recover to former levels of productivity or species richness after a disturbance.

28
Q

According to the theory of island biogeography, species richness would be greatest on which of the following islands?

a) An island that is small and remote.
b) An island that is large and remote.
c) An island that is small and close to the mainland.
d) An island that is large and close to the mainland.

A

d) An island that is large and close to the mainland.

29
Q

What is a characteristic feature of corridors in metapopulation dynamics?

a) They decrease species richness.
b) They serve as barriers between subpopulations.
c) They facilitate gene flow between subpopulations.
d) They increase habitat fragmentation.

A

c) They facilitate gene flow between subpopulations.

30
Q

Which of the following populations is more likely to persist according to conservation biology principles?

a) A population occupying a small area with low genetic variation.
b) A population occupying a large area with high genetic variation and close proximity to neighboring populations.
c) A population occupying a narrow corridor.
d) A population with limited buffer zones.

A

b) A population occupying a large area with high genetic variation and close proximity to neighboring populations.

31
Q

Which of the following, if it had acted upon a gene (or a phenotype directly associated with a gene), would prevent this gene from acting as a reliable molecular clock?

a. Genetic drift
b.Mutations within introns.
c. Natural selection
d. Neutral mutations

A

c. Natural selection

32
Q

When determining phylogenetic trees, biologists strive to include taxa in biological classifications that are

a.Monomorphic
b. Monophyletic
c. Homoplastic
d. Paraphyletic
e. Polyphyletic

A

b. Monophyletic

33
Q

Which of the following describes the most likely order of events in allopatric speciation?

a. genetic drift, genetic isolation, divergence
b. genetic isolation, genetic drift, divergence
c. genetic isolation, divergence, genetic drift
d. divergence, genetic isolation, genetic drift

A

b. genetic isolation, genetic drift, divergence

34
Q

Polyploidy is a mechanism that can allow _________to occur.

a. Allopatric
b. Sympatric
c. Parapatric
d. Nongenetic

A

b. Sympatric

35
Q

If speciation occurs with the production of two or more species in a small area, ____ is (are) probably responsible.

a. Only sympatric speciation
b. Only allopatric speciation
c. Either sympatric or allopatric speciation
d. Both sympatric and allopatric speciation

A

a. Only sympatric speciation

36
Q

When does vicariance occur?

a. Individuals colonize a novel habitat.
b. A population is fragmented into isolated subpopulations.
c. Small populations coalesce into one large population.
d. Individuals disperse and found a new population.

A

b. A population is fragmented into isolated subpopulations.

37
Q

If a flood separated a large population into two populations, this would be an example of which process?

a. Sympatric speciation
b. Polyploidy
c. Allopatric speciation
d. Parapatric speciation

A

c. Allopatric speciation

38
Q

If two species of lizards do not mate because their mating rituals differ greatly, this is known as

a. Ecological isolation
b. Mechanical isolation
c. Behavioural isolation
d. Temporal isolation

A

c. Behavioural isolation

39
Q

The biological species concept is inadequate for grouping

a. Plants
b. Asexual organisms
c. Parasites
d. Migratory animals

A

b. Asexual organisms

40
Q

A gene family includes

a. Two or more homologous genes (paralogs) found within a single species.
b. Two or more homologous genes (orthologs) found within related species.
c. All of the genes on the same chromosome (homologue).
d. Genes that code for structural genes.
e. Genes that evolved at the same time.

A

a. Two or more homologous genes (paralogs) found within a single species.

41
Q

The principle of competitive exclusion states that

a. No two species can coexist for long unless they are sharing the same resource.
b. No two species can coexist for long if they are sharing the same limiting resource
c. If two species are sharing the same resource, one will always go extinct.
d. Competition between two species always results in character displacement.

A

b. No two species can coexist for long if they are sharing the same limiting resource

42
Q

Energy flow in ecosystems is typically measured by looking at

a. mimicry
b. biodiversity
c. allometry
d. biomass
e. productivity

A

d. biomass

43
Q

Keystone species can maintain species diversity in a community if they

a. Prey on or competitively exclude only on the least abundant species in the community
b. Allow immigration of other predators.
c. Competitively exclude other predators.
d. Reduce the number of disturbances in the community.
e. Prey on or competitively exclude the community’s dominant species.

A

e. Prey on or competitively exclude the community’s dominant species.

44
Q

A metapopulation is

a. A population that is spread out over a large area
b. A group of subpopulations among which individuals move on a regular basis.
c. An unusually large population
d. A group of subpopulations among which some individuals move occasionally
e. A group of subpopulations that are isolated from one another

A

d. A group of subpopulations among which some individuals move occasionally

45
Q

Maximum sustainable yield is when as many individuals as possible are removed from the population without impairing the population’s growth rate. At which point on the logistic growth curve is the maximum sustainable yield (i.e., the lowest the population should be reduced to)?

a. When the population size is at the carrying capacity (K).
b. When the population size is in lag growth.
c. When the population size is at half the carrying capacity (K/2).
d. When growth rate is equal to population size.

A

c. When the population size is at half the carrying capacity (K/2).

46
Q

Niche differentiation results in which of the following?

a. A move from the realized niche to the fundamental niche for both species.
b. Individuals of each species allowing the other the opportunity to use other resources.
c. A move from the fundamental niche to the realized niche for both species.
d. Individuals of each species sharing the resources that they both exploit.

A

c. A move from the fundamental niche to the realized niche for both species.

47
Q

A population pyramid:

a. reflects the number of individuals in various age groups in a population.
b. can be constructed from data gathered in one census of a population.
c. directly predicts future age distributions of the population.
d. predicts survival and mortality rates for an individual at a given age.
e. shows the current birth and death rates of a population.

A

a. Reflects the number of individuals in various age groups in a population.

48
Q

Which of the following attributes of a species might render it especially susceptible to extinction?

a. The species has a short generation time.
b. It exists in two linked subpopulations.
c. It has a narrow dispersal range.
d. It is an invasive species.
e. It lives in a marine habitat.

A

c. It has a narrow dispersal range.

49
Q

The relationship between species richness and recovery from natural disturbances can best be summarized as follows:

a. communities with more diversity recover less rapidly from natural disturbances.
b. there is no correlation between community diversity and recovery from natural disturbances.
c. communities with more diversity do not recover from natural disturbances.
d. communities with more diversity recover more rapidly from natural disturbances.

A

d. communities with more diversity recover more rapidly from natural disturbances.

50
Q

Which of the following best describes niche differentiation?

a. Slight variations in niche allow similar species to coexist.
b. competitive exclusion results in the success of the superior species.
c. Two species can coevolve to share the exact same niche.
d. Different resource utilization results in a decrease in species richness.

A

b. competitive exclusion results in the success of the superior species.

51
Q

You are studying Gene R, and note that in a population the nucleotide variability of the gene is 0%. Given this, what is the genetic variability and number of alleles for Gene R in this population?

a. Genetic variability >0%; number of alleles = 2
b. Genetic variability = 0%; number of alleles = 1
c. Genetic variability = 0%; number of alleles = 2
d. Genetic variability = 0%; number of alleles = 0

A

b. Genetic variability = 0%; number of alleles = 1

52
Q

Genetic drift occurs in a population. Which of the following statements might be true?

a. Genetic drift increased the population’s fitness.
b. Any of the above statements might be true.
c. Genetic drift decreased the population’s fitness.
d. The population was relatively small.

A

b. Any of the above statements might be true.

53
Q

What is a hybrid zone?

a. an area where no hybrids exist
b. an area where two populations may breed and produce inviable, infertile offspring
c. an area where two populations may breed and produce inviable, fertile offspring
d. an area where two populations may breed and produce viable, fertile offspring

A

d. an area where two populations may breed and produce viable, fertile offspring

54
Q

Macroevolution refers to the evolutionary changes that

a. Occur in multicellular groups of species.
b. Occur in large animals.
c. Create new species and groups of species.
d. Cause changes in allele frequencies within a population.

A

c. Create new species and groups of species.

55
Q

Which of the following evolution-related events is the correct cause-and-effect sequence?

a. mutation –> speciation –> adaptation –> variation –> natural selection
b. variation –> adaptation–> mutation –> natural selection –> speciation
c. speciation –> adaptation–> variation –> mutation –> natural selection
d. natural selection –> variation –> mutation –> adaptation –> speciation
e. mutation –> variation –> natural selection –> adaptation –> speciation

A

e. mutation –> variation –> natural selection –> adaptation –> speciation

56
Q

Which of the following biological processes results in adaptation?

a. mutation
b. natural selection
c. migration
d. All of these.
e. genetic drift

A

b. natural selection

57
Q

As a population approaches its carrying capacity, how does its growth change?

a. The growth rate slows until N is close to r.
b. r changes until r is close to K.
c. The growth rate stays the same.
d. The growth rate slows until N is 0.
e. The growth rate slows until N is close to K.

A

e. The growth rate slows until N is close to K.

58
Q

The “ghost of competition past” refers to the fact that

a. competition inevitably leads to extinction of both competitors.
b. competition often leads to character displacement, which remains after direct competition is reduced.
c. competition inevitably leads to extinction of one of the competitors.
d. competition can not be seen in nature.

A

b. competition often leads to character displacement, which remains after direct competition is reduced.

59
Q

In biology, a coevolutionary arms race occurs when:

a. a new species evolves into two separate species.
b. a pair of species influence each others’ evolution
c. a country develops a new weapon.
d. a new niche is created.

A

b. a pair of species influence each others’ evolution

60
Q

Which of the following attributes of a species might render it especially susceptible to extinction?

a. The species has a short generation time.
b. It exists in two linked subpopulations.
c. It has a narrow dispersal range.
d. It is an invasive species.
e. It lives in a marine habitat.

A

c. It has a narrow dispersal range.

BIOL 1001 (2 decks)

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