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BIOL 1001 > Final Exam Notes > Flashcards

Final Exam Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is a prediction, and its relation to a hypothesis?

A

A prediction is the expected outcome based on a hypothesis

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2
Q

How do we know if structures are homologous?

A

They share the same basic structure in the same relationship to other features.

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3
Q

Why is variation in populations important?

A

It provides raw material for natural selection to drive evolutionary change.

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4
Q

What is important in knowing if phenotypic variation is genetically or environmentally determined?

A

It helps assess the potential for evolutionary change and predict responses to selective pressures.

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5
Q

For a trait to undergo evolution, what characteristics must that trait have?

A

It must increase the organism’s probability of surviving and reproducing

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6
Q

What does survival of the fittest mean?

A

Fitness is the ability of an individual to produce offspring relative to the ability of other individuals within the population.

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7
Q

What are adaptations?

A

They increase the fitness of an individual in a particular environment.

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8
Q

Can natural selection eliminate an allele from a population?

A

No, because it will remain “hidden” in heterozygotes.

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9
Q

Why can harmful alleles remain in a population?

A

Natural selection acts on phenotypes, not on alleles that don’t show up in the phenotype.

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10
Q

What is the phenotype of haploid organisms?

A

No dominant or recessive phenotypes because there is only one allele.

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11
Q

How can a disease state be hidden?

A

If it is a recessive phenotype.

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12
Q

What does balancing selection maintain in a population?

A

Genetic variation

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13
Q

What does negative frequency-dependent selection result in?

A

The cycling of phenotypes within a population

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14
Q

Under what conditions does negative frequency-dependent selection occur?

A

Rare phenotypes have higher fitness than common phenotypes.

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15
Q

What is the impact of gene flow?

A

It decreases genetic differences between populations.

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16
Q

What are the consequences of gene flow?

A

It decreases inter-population differences, increases intra-population variation, and introduces new alleles.

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17
Q

What is the difference between population bottleneck and founder effect?

A

In population bottleneck size is dramatically reduced and in Founder effect small groups establishes new population.

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18
Q

What is the effect of inbreeding on genetic variation?

A

It can increases homozygosity, decreases heterozygosity, reduces genetic variation.

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19
Q

What are the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE)?

A

The absence of mutation, selection, genetic drift and gene flow/random mating.

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20
Q

What does the Hardy-Weinberg equation describe?

A

It predicts genotype frequencies in a population under conditions of random mating and in the absence of evolutionary forces.

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21
Q

What happens if a population is not in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE)?

A

It suggests that evolutionary forces are at play, such as mutation, selection, genetic drift, or gene flow.

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22
Q

Define genetic drift.

A

Random changes in allele frequencies due to chance events, most pronounced in small populations.

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23
Q

How does genetic drift affect genetic diversity?

A

By causing allele frequencies to fluctuate randomly over time.

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24
Q

Define mutation.

A

A change in the DNA sequence that can introduce new genetic variation into a population.

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25
Q

How do mutations contribute to evolution?

A

They provide the raw material for natural selection to act upon, generating genetic diversity within populations.

26
Q

Define gene flow.

A

The transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another through the movement of individuals or gametes.

27
Q

How does gene flow affect genetic variation?

A

It can increase genetic diversity by introducing new alleles into a population and reducing genetic differences between populations.

28
Q

What do phylogenetic trees describe?

A

They describe evolutionary relationships among organisms or taxa.

29
Q

How to determine speciation events on a phylogenetic tree?

A

Identify points where lineages diverge into separate species.

30
Q

Define a monophyletic group.

A

It includes all descendants of a common ancestor and that ancestor itself.

31
Q

How can rotation about a node affect a phylogenetic tree?

A

It can result in a tree with different looks but the same meaning (topology).

32
Q

Define sister taxa.

A

Two taxa that are each other’s closest relatives, sharing a recent common ancestor.

33
Q

What does the root of a phylogenetic tree represent?

A

It represents the common ancestor of all taxa in the tree.

34
Q

How are phylogenetic trees established?

A

Via morphology, genetic information, behaviour, or a combination.

35
Q

How to identify an out group on a phylogenetic tree?

A

It’s a taxon closely related to the group being studied but not part of the analyzed group.

36
Q

What can complicate phylogenetic analyses?

A

onvergent evolution, where unrelated organisms evolve similar traits independently.

37
Q

Define a monophyletic taxon.

A

A group including a common ancestor and all its descendants.

38
Q

What does “prokaryote” refer to?

A

It represents a monophyletic group.

39
Q

What traits might the frog population on the left side of the highway develop to better tolerate their acidic environmental conditions?

A

Traits to resist low pH

40
Q

What is true for speciation to occur?

A

At least one gene, affecting one phenotypic trait to change.

41
Q

Which form of speciation occurs when two frog populations become so genetically distinct that they can no longer interbreed?

A

Allopatric speciation by vicariance.

42
Q

What type of reproductive isolating mechanism and selection are at work when individuals start to mate only with others that eat the same type of insect?

A

Pre-zygotic; disruptive selection

43
Q

What would be the impact on the rate of speciation if hybrid offspring have equal fitness to either parental group?

A

It would prevent or slow speciation between the two groups.

44
Q

What types of changes can lead to evolutionarily significant changes in morphology?

A

Changes in DNA sequence, gene expression patterns, and gene presence/absence.

45
Q

What is a major source of new genes and an important agent of evolutionary change?

A

Gene duplication.

46
Q

What can contribute to interspecific differences in species?

A

Gains and losses in the number of gene copies.

47
Q

What is allometry?

A

Variation in growth rates of different body parts during development.

48
Q

What are population characteristics?

A

Geographic range and habitat.

49
Q

What factors influence a species’ distribution?

A

Abiotic factors like light availability and climate, as well as biotic factors like the presence of other species.

50
Q

What are the two primary models used to describe population growth?

A

Exponential growth and logistic growth.

51
Q

What factors influence carrying capacity (K)?

A

Habitat availability, resource abundance, predation, competition, and environmental conditions.

52
Q

What are density-dependent factors?

A

Factors that influence population growth based on population density, such as competition, predation, and disease.

53
Q

What are density-independent factors?

A

Factors that affect population growth regardless of population size, such as natural disasters and climate change.

54
Q

Define mutualism.

A

Both species benefit.

55
Q

What is microevolution, and what’s necessary for it?

A

Microevolution involves genetic changes within a population, requiring variation for evolutionary change.

56
Q

Who first proposed the idea of natural selection as a mechanism for evolution?

A

Charles Darwin

57
Q

What kind of structures are produced by convergent evolution?

A

Analogous structures

58
Q

How do founder effect, genetic drift, and a bottleneck relate to each other?

A

Founder effect and bottleneck are types of genetic drift.

59
Q

What is meant by directional selection?

A

Directional selection favours an extreme version of a trait.

60
Q

The evolution of populations due to chance is

A

Genetic drift

BIOL 1001 (2 decks)

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