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GIS Lectures > Multiple Choice from Website > Flashcards

Multiple Choice from Website Flashcards

1
Q

What are key application disciplines for GIS?

A

Civil engineering.

Commerce and business.

Environmental sciences.

Transport.

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2
Q

A GIS is ‘a set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming, and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes’ is a well used definition of a GIS provided by:

A

Peter Burrough (1986).

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3
Q

What are essential components of a GIS?

A

Appropriate GIS software.

A visual display unit capable of high resolution colour graphical display as well as text.

Data input and output devices such as digitizers/scanners and printer/plotters.

A computer with sufficient memory and processing power to run the software.

Spatial data.

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4
Q

Aronoff (1989) classifies GIS analysis procedures into what?

A

Those used for storage and retrieval.

Modelling procedures or functions for the prediction of what data might be at a different time and place.

Constrained queries that allow the user to look at patterns in their data.

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5
Q

Spatial referencing is the process of what

A

Combing attribute values with locational information.

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6
Q

What is considered key elements of a paper map?

A

Projection information.

Annotation.

Map features (points, lines, areas, surfaces).

Scale bar or ratio.

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7
Q

What are appropriate definitions of scale?

A

The order of magnitude or level of generalization at which phenomena exist or are perceived or observed.

An indication of how big an object represented on the map is on the ground.

The ratio of a distance on a map to the corresponding distance on the ground.

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8
Q

What does 1mm on a map drawn at a scale of 1:50,000 represent on the ground?

A

50 metres.

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9
Q

How is a large city most likely to be represented on a 1:25,000 scale map?

A

As a collection of points, lines and areas.

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10
Q

Generalization is the process by which:

A

real-world features are simplified to allow them to be drawn on a map at reduced scale.

the cartographer communicates the spatial pattern and organization of real-world objects on a map.

real-world features are selected or not selected for inclusion on a map.

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11
Q

What scale of measurement may be used to represent area?

A

Ratio

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12
Q

Resolution may best be defined as:

A

the size of the smallest recording unit.

the smallest feature that can be mapped or measured

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13
Q

What does the abbreviation GPS stand for?

A

Global Positioning System.

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14
Q

True or false: A map at a scale of 1:2,000 would be suitable for planning street engineering works such as repairs to gas or water pipes.

A

True

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15
Q

True or false: A map at a scale of 1:250,000 would be suitable for navigation whilst on a mountain trek.

A

False

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16
Q

The vector data model is based on what?

A

Cartesian coordinate system.

Collections of points joined by straight lines.

17
Q

The raster data model is based on what?

A

Tesselations.

Grid cells or pixels grouped to form spatial entities.

Grid cells.

18
Q

The advantages of Standard Query Language (SQL) include which of the following in relation to GIS databases?

A

It is good at handling geographical concepts.

It is widely used.

It uses a pseudo-English style of questioning.

19
Q

What is Manhattan distance?

A

The distance between two points in a raster data layer calculated as the sum of the cell sides intersected by a straight line between them.

20
Q

What is reclassification?

A

The process of combining one or more data ranges into a new data range to create a new data layer.

21
Q

What could you use a buffer operation for?

A

Determining the area within a set distance from a point, line or area feature.

Calculating the number of observations within a set distance of a point, line or area feature.

22
Q

What is considered to be the main problems facing overlay operations in GIS?

A

Selecting threshold criteria.

The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP).

Visual complexity.

23
Q

What is spatial interpolation?

A

The process of establishing values for areas between an existing set of discrete observations.

24
Q

What is the difference between slope and aspect?

A

Slope is the gradient directly down the fall line, while aspect is the direction of the fall line relative to north.

25
Q

What is meant by the term ‘accuracy’?

A

The extent to which a value approaches its true value.

26
Q

What is meant by the term ‘precision’?

A

What is meant by the term ‘precision’?

27
Q

What is meant by the term ‘data quality’?

A

The inherent quality of the data as characterized by its accuracy, precision, bias, level of error, etc.

28
Q

What are are important sources of error in cartographic products?

A

Generalization.

Fuzzy boundaries.

Scale.

29
Q

What may be caused by error in manual digitizing?

A

Overshoot and undershoot.

Spikes.

Switch-backs.

30
Q

Which of the following errors may be introduced during rasterization of vector data?

A

Loss of small polygons.

Changes in polygon area and/or line length.

Topological errors.

31
Q

What are sliver polygons?

A

Long, thin polygons created when overlaying a common boundary that has been digitized twice.

32
Q

Which of the following may be considered operational applications of GIS?

A

Use of GIS to route vehicles.

Use of GIS to identify assets in need of routine maintenance.

33
Q

Which of the following may be considered strategic applications of GIS?

A

Use of GIS to model population change and use this to reallocate government budgets.

Use of GIS to decide which stores to expand and which to close.

34
Q

In a cost/benefit analysis, which of the following formula are correct?

A

Payback period = total cost of investment / estimated annual revenue

35
Q

What are the three main reasons why a GIS implementation might fail, according to Eason (1994)?

A

Non-usability.

Organizational mismatch.

User acceptability.

36
Q

What is ‘benchmarking’?

A

A technique employed to help with deciding which software package to select.

GIS Lectures (10 decks)

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