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Parasitology > Multicellular Parasites > Flashcards

Multicellular Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Platyhelminthes

A 
flatworms
dorsoventrally flattened
bilateral
acoelomates
monoecious mostly (some diocious)
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2
Q

Turbellaria

A

free living flatworms

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3
Q

Monogenea

A

ectoparasites of cold water vertebrates
very little harm at normal levels
problem if in fish farms
monoxenous

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4
Q

Haptar

A

hold fast structures

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5
Q

Monogenea life cycle

A
  1. adults
  2. eggs
  3. oncomiracidium (ciliated stage, swims to find host)
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6
Q

ASpidobothria

A

bridge between parasitic and free-living flatworms
infect marine and fresh water invertebrates
faculatative in turtles, fishes
monoxenous

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7
Q

ASpidobrothria life cycle

A
  1. adults
  2. eggs
  3. cotylocidium
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8
Q

Trematoda subclasses

A 
Aspidobothria 
Digenea (flukes)
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9
Q

Protandrous

A

male sex organs develop first

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10
Q

Digenean eggs released through:

A

sputum
feces
urine

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11
Q

miracidian

A

ciliated larvae infects first IH

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12
Q

sporocyst

A

asexual stage in 1st IH

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13
Q

Redia

A

feeds on host tissues, produces daughters

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14
Q

Cercariae

A

penetrates 2nd IH or is infective to DH

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15
Q

metacercariae

A

inside 2nd IH or infective to DH

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16
Q

Steps inside snail (1st IH)

A

mother/daughter redia

mother/daughter sporocyst

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17
Q

Fasciola hepatica

A

DH: humans
RH: sheep cattle rabbits
1st IH: snail

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18
Q

Fasciola hepatica life cycle

A
  1. adult flukes in biliary system
  2. eggs passed in feces
  3. in water, eggs hatch
  4. miracidium penetrates snail
  5. cercariae in water
  6. encysts as metacercariae in aquatic vegetation
  7. human eats metacercariae
  8. juvenille chews through liver
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19
Q

Diagnosis F. hepatica

A

fecal smear for eggs

false positive positive if a person eats non-infective eggs

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20
Q

Treatment F. hepatica

A

Triclabendazole

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21
Q

Control F. hepatica

A

don’t eat fresh watercress

fence off vegetation in low-lying watering holes

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22
Q

Fascioloides magma

A

“Liver Butterflies”
DH: wild ungulates–deer, sheep cattle
Only problematic in sheep
life cycle like F. hepatica

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23
Q

Dicrocoelium dentriticum

A

DH: sheep, cattle
no chewing through tissue
1st IH: terrestrial snail
2nd IH: brown ants (Formica)

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24
Q

D. dentriticum life cycle: interesting part

A

when inside brown ants, get into brain and change behavior: make them hang on the ends of grass so sheep eat them

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25
Q

Clonorrhis sinesis

A 
" Chinese Liver Flukes"
DH: humans
1st IH: snail
2nd IH: fish
RH: dogs and cats
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26
Q

C. sinesis transmission to humans

A

eating undercooked fish

night soil fertilizer

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27
Q

C. sinesis pathology, diagnosis, treatment

A

carcinogenic so can lead to liver cancer
fecal smear for eggs
Proziquantel

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28
Q

Liver Flukes

A

F. hepatica
F. magna
D. dendriticum
C. sinesis

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29
Q

Fasciolopsir buski

A

DH: humans
1st IH: snail
RH: pigs

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30
Q

F. buski pathology/diagnosis

A

diarrhea, mucusy stool
fecal smear for eggs
night soil fertilizer perpetuates infection*

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31
Q

F. buski life cycle

A
  1. adult fluke in intestine
  2. eggs passed in feces
  3. get to water
  4. snail eats eggs
  5. cercariae
  6. metacercariae on aquatic vegetation
  7. human consumes MC on waterchestnuts, bamboo, lotus
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32
Q

Paramphistomum cervi

A

DH: domestic cervids (cows)
Problems caused by migration of juveniles from penetrating out of gut to stomach to rumen
Control: keep cattle away from low lying vegetation

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33
Q

Nanophyetus salmincola

A

“salmon poising fluke”
DH: dogs
1st IH: snails
2nd IH: Salmonids (salmon and trout)
RH: Muskellids (skunk and racoon–>do not experience salmon poisoning)
hyperparasitism b/c parasite also in fluke

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34
Q

Echinostoma spp.

A

DH: humans
1st IH: snail
2nd IH: snails, mussels

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35
Q

Allaria americane

A

DH: canids
1st IH: snail
2nd IH: tadpole
PH: snakes

36
Q

Intestinal flukes

A 
F. buski
P. cervi
N. salmincola
Echinostoma spp.
A. americane
37
Q

Paragonimus westermani

A 
DH: humans
1st IH: snail
2nd IH: fresh water crabs
RH: feral cats
cosmopolitan in tropics/asia
38
Q

P. westermani and P. kellicotti pathology/diagnosis/treatment

A

chronic cough, more if wandering worms
fecal or sputum smear
Proziquantel

39
Q

Paragonimus kellicotti

A

DH: animals only unless you’re drunk and have been dared
1st IH: snail
2nd IH: crayfish

40
Q

Control strategies for all flukes

A

snail control: molluskocides kill indiscriminately
vaccine/drug development
increased sanitation: indoor plumbing/latrines
keep animals from water vegetation
change human behavior

41
Q

Cestoda

A

tapeworms
all heteroxenous except 2
parasitic to all classes of vertebrates

42
Q

Tegument

A

lining around outside of cestode body

increases surface area and nutrient uptake

43
Q

Proglottids

A

segments of cestode

can mate with themselves or other worms

44
Q

Gravids

A

oldest teguments
filled with eggs
break off from body, released through feces

45
Q

Strobila

A

all proglottid segments of cestode

46
Q

Pseudophyllidean vs cyclophyllidean

A

Pseudo: no oral suckers. Bothria instead & eggs released through birth pore into feces
Cyclo: 4 oral suckers. gravids released through feces

47
Q

metacestode

A

juvenile stage. infective to DH

48
Q

Stages pseudophyllidean life cycle

A

coracidium: infective to IH
procercoid: develops inside 1st IH
pleraceroid: develops inside 2nd IH

49
Q

stages cyclephyllidean life cycle

A 
cysticerroid
cysticercus
strobilocerus
coencerus
hydratid
*all inside IH, infective to DH*
50
Q

Caryophyllidean

A 
third class of cestoda
Archgetes spp.
51
Q

Archigetes spp.

A

unsegmented worms
DH: bottom feeding fishes
IH: aquatic oligochaetes
have single set of reproductive organs

52
Q

Neotany

A

sexual maturation of juvenile. happens in Achigetes spp.

can produce own eggs and infect more IHs.

53
Q

Pseudophyllideans

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

54
Q

D. latum

A 
Broad Fish tapeworm
DH: humans
1st IH: copepod
2nd IH: fish
RH: lots 
DH infective stage: plerocercoid
55
Q

D. latum pathology/diagnosis/treatment/transmission

A

verminous intoxication=nausea, diarrhea + vit b12 deficiency
fecal smear for eggs
Praziquantel
eating undercooked fish (Jewish grandmothers)

56
Q

Sparganosis

A

result of infection by spargamun=pleraceroid of unknown origin

57
Q

Contraction of sparganosis

A
  1. drinking water with infected copepods
  2. eating reptiles, amphibians, pigs, cats
  3. traditional medical practices
58
Q

Treatment/diagnosis of sparganosis

A

surgery and praziquantel

physical identification of sparganum

59
Q

Taenia saginata

A 
"Human Beef Tapeworm"
DH; Humans
IH: cattle
cosmopolitan anywhere beef is eaten
infective stage to humans: cysticercus
60
Q

Species Schistosoma

A 
S. haematobium
S. mansoni
S. japonicum
S. mekongi
S. intercalatum
61
Q

location/disease of S. haematobium

A

pelvic veins

urinary schistosomiasis

62
Q

location/disease other 4 forms Schistosoma

A

mesenteric veins

intestinal schistosomiasis

63
Q

Important Life cycle part Schistosoma

A

Egg: contains miracidium (infective to snail IH)
Cercariae: released in water, infective to humans

64
Q

Rhlotaxis

A

cercariae are motionless in water until they feel vibrations of possible host to save limited energy

65
Q

Pathology Schistosoma

A

liver fibrosis
impaired circulation
portal hypertension
hepatosplenomegaly

66
Q

Treatment/Control Schistosoma

A

Praziquantel (Merck to give free drugs for indefinite future)
vaccine (unlikely in near future)
increased sanitation
snail control–indiscriminate killer

67
Q

Pathology/Diagnosis/Treatment/control T. saginata

A

asymptomatic
fecal smear for gravids, look for 15-20 lateral branches
Praziquantel
Don’t defecate in cow pastures, freeze meat for a week

68
Q

Taenia solium

A

Human Pork Tapeworm
DH: humans
IH: pigs, human

69
Q

Pathology/diagnosis treatment adult T. solium

A

asymptomatic
fecal smear for gravids look for 7-13 lateral branches
praziquantel

70
Q

Pathology/diagnosis/treatment cysticercosis

A

swiss cheese brain, other problems because of inflammation
imaging (ultra sound, MRI)
surgery

71
Q

Taenia pisiformis

A

DH: dogs
IH: rabbits
infective stage: cysticerus
identified by square gravids in feces

72
Q

Taenia taeniaformis

A

DH: cats
IH: rats
Infective stage: strobilocerus

73
Q

Taenia multiceps

A

DH. canines
IH; sheep
infective stage: coenerus (softball sized)
If human ingests eggs, dead end intermediate host

74
Q

Dipilidium caninum

A 
Double Poored tapeworm
cosmopolitan
DH: dogs (humans if they eat fleas)
IH: fleas
Gravids identified by lots of visible eggs
75
Q

Hymenolepis dimunata

A 
DH: rats, humans
IH: grain beetles (Tenebrionadae)
asymptomatic
fecal smear for gravids
model parasite for tapeworms
76
Q

Hymenolepis nana

A 
Dwarf tapeworm
DH: humans
IH: beetles OPTIONAL
infective stage: cysticercoid
if human consumes eggs, cysticercoid can develop in villi, mature, and travel to gut.
77
Q

Blood flukes

A

S. mansoni
S. japonicum
S. heamatobium

78
Q

Lung flukes

A

Paragonimus westermani

P. kellicoti

79
Q

cyclophylidea

A 
T. saginata
T. solium
D. caninum
T. pisiformis
T. taeniaformis
T. multiceps
H. dimunata
H. nana
Echinococcus granulosus
E. multiocularis
80
Q

Echinococcus granulosus

A 
causes Echinococcosis
3 segmented worm (very small)
DH. carnivores
IH: herbivores
**humans only act as accidental IH, never get adult worms**
cosmopolitan
sylvatic cycles: 
1. wolf-moose
2. wolf-reindeer
3. lion-warthog
Domestic cycles: 
1. dog-sheep (most important)
Infective stage: hydatid
81
Q

Transmission E. granulosus

A
  1. Kenyan tribe eats dog intestine
  2. Turkana tribe does not bury dead; leaves them for animals
  3. dogs fed hydatid and dogs lick children
  4. tanners in Lebanon use dog feces in tanning
  5. sheep herding
82
Q

E. granulosus pathology/diagnosis/treatment

A

dependent on location of hydatid. If reptures, anafalactic shock, death
MRI or ultrasound imaging
usually surgery if accessible or Abendazole

83
Q

E. multilocularis

A

DH; dog, fox
IH: rodents
Infective stage: multilocular hydatid (spreads through body like cancer)

84
Q

Pathology/diagnosis/treatment E. multiolularis

A

depends on location
imaging but often mistaken for malignant tumor
very difficult. Abendazole ok. Praziquantel stimulates growth

85
Q

Two worms that are/can be monoxenous

A

Archigetes spp.

H. nana

86
Q

Worms whose eggs cause pathology in humans

A 
P. kellicotti
sparganosis
T. solium (swiss cheese brain)
H. nana
E. granulosis
E. multilocularis

Parasitology (3 decks)

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