Flagellates/Amoeba/Apicomplexans Flashcards
American Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosoma cruzi
Hosts
DH: humans
RH: dogs, cats, armadillos, sloths, etc
IH: Kissing/Assassin bugs
Kissing Bug
Family, Order, Geni
Hemipitera
Reduviidae
Triatoma spp/Rhodnius spp/Paristrongylus spp
T. cruzi life cycle
Trpyomastigote in blood of DH bug ingests Tryps Tryps becomes epimastigote in bug gut. Asexual rep. Epi to Trypomastigote bug feeds and shits on DH DH scratches eggs into skin, eyes, mouth Amastigote in smooth muscles cells of DH Relicates, bursts cell (psuedocyst) Amastigote back to trypomastigote
Acute American Trypanosmiasis
mostly in children
chagoma (red nodule at bit site)
Romanas sign (when in eye)
fever, chills
Chronic American Trypanosomiasis
in adults
mega heart/colon/esophagus/
result: death
Treatment American Tryps.
none
Diagnosis American Tryps.
Xenodiagnosis (let clean bugs feed on host)
African Trypanosomiasis
“African Sleeping Sickness”
Trypanosoma brucei brucei
T. brucei rhodesiense
T. brucei gambiense
T. brucei brucei
T. conyolense
T. evansi
T. equiperdum
in animals only.
alternate transmission T. cruzi
blood transfusions, transplacental, transmammary, sexually
T. brucei rhodesiense
shanker formation at bite sight
swelling of lymph notes
waves of fever in response to levels of parasites
cardiac involvement-result of death
T. brucei gambiense
central nervous system involvement leads to death
T. brucei diagnosis
CAAT test: tests for antibodies in blood sample.
to diagnose acute or chronic, Lumbar puncture
T. brucei treatment
Melarsoprol: arsenic based drug. ACUTE ONLY
Eflornothine: expensive IV drip
T. brucei control
suppress vector: clear brush, spray insecticide, Nzi traps
Leishmaniasis
DH: humans
IH vector: Sand fly (genii: Phlebotomus spp., Lutzomia spp.)
RH: lots—–>zoonotic disease
Leishmaniasis life cycle
- Amastigote in blood
- ingested by sand fly
- In gut becomes promastigote
- To cardiac valve of pharyngeal pump
- promastigote degrades valve so it cannot keep contents in stomach
- fly feeds, parasites get into DH
- DH macrophage engulfs prmastigote.
- Becomes amastigote, replicates
- repeat
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
mildest form
Leishmania tropica & Leishmania major
self-innoculation with skin scrapings of infected person
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
Leishmania braziliensis
ulcer/legion forms in soft tissue (mouth palette, cartilage of nose)
Secondary infections, social stigma
Visceral Leishmaniasis
Leishmania donovani
“Dum Dum Fever” or “Kala Azar”
Infects immune system and destroys macrophages
severe anemia, malnutrition, secondary infection, hepatosplenomegaly (swelling of spleen)
Diagnosis Leishmaniasis
skin, blood, bone marrow sample depending on the strain
treatment Leishmaniasis
Miltefosine
“post Kala Azar”
if patient does not finish treatment of Leishmaniasis, gets big red papules on skin
Control Leishmaniasis
difficult because of variety of species of sand fly and RJ
Giardia duodenalis
DH: human
Monoxenous life cycle
RH: beaver, muskrat, gods, cows
Giardia duodenalis life cycle
- Trophozoite in human gut
- cysts in colon, passed with feces
* cysts can survive in water, on produce* - human ingests cysts
- Cysts to trophoziote
Diagnosis Giardia duodenalis
fecal smear
Treatment G. duodenalis
Metronidazole
wait it out for 1-2 weeks
Trichomonas vaginalis
cosmopolitan
monoxenous, sexually transmitted
No cysts stage—->cannot exist outside body
Men: asymptomatic, some females: white/green discharge
T. vaginalis treatment
Metronidazole
Trichomonas gallinae
DH: gallinaceous birds
monoxenous withouth cysts
transmitted through regurgitating and feeding young
Histomonas meleagridis
causes “Black Head Turkey Disease”
DH: turkeys & chicken
H. meleagridis life cycle
- trophoziote in turkey/chicken gut
- Troph replicate binary fisson
- cecal nematode (IH) Heteralsis gallinarum consumes trohpoziote
- Trophoziote get in nematode eggs
- Eggs passed with feces. Can live outside for up to two years
- Turkey consumes eggs
- eggs hatch, bird is infected with both nemotod & troph
* PH: earthworms. Bird eats worm, gets infected**
Entamoeba histolytica
monoxenous
DH: humans
cosmopolitan
Symptoms/repercussions E. histolytica
amebic dysentery
holes in intestine, parasite spread to liver, lung, brain, skin
Life cycle E. histolytica
- trophozoites in human gut
- cysts in colon
- cysts passed with feces
- human ingests cysts
* alternate transmission: anilingus**
Diagnosis E. histolytica
fecal smear for cysts. may need to do multiple
Treatment E. histolytica
Flagyl (same as Giardia)
Eimeria tenella
belong to Coccidians subgroup
monoxenous
DH: chickens
E. tenella life cycle
- chicken ingests oocyst
- oocyst releases sporozoites
- invade cells, become trophozoites
- Then are schizont-meiotic divisions occur
- merozoites produce (daughter cells)
* steps 3-5 repeated three times** - macro, micro gametocytes produced
- macro, micro gametes merge to zygote
- oocyst formed, passed with feces
* oocyst has 4 sporocysts with 2 sporozoites inside**
human practice effecting transmission E. tenella
farming with high herd/flock population density
Toxoplasma gandii
heteroxenous
DH: felines
IH: anything warm blooded
cosmopolitan
Toxoplasma gandii life cycle
- bradyzoite in gut of cat
- trophozoite
- schizont
- merozoite
- gametocystes
- gametes
- zygote
- oocysts (has 2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites inside)
- oocyst passed in feces
- IH eats oocyst
- sporozoites inside cells
- replicates quickly as tachyzoite in tissues
- immune response
- bradyzoites
- zoitocyst (dormant)
- cat eats IH, bradyzoites reactivated.
* merozoites can become trophozoites and continue replicating*
Humans and Toxoplasma gandii
- dead-end host
- healthy adults asymptomatic, build premunition
- immuncompromised people cannot control infection
- if pregnant women infected, fetus risks retardation, cranial swelling, spontaneous abortion
Treatment Toxoplasma gandii
tachyzoites can be treated
bradyzoites cannot
never cleared of parasite, just controlled*
Cryptosporidium parvum
DH: humans RH: many monoxenous Healthy people clear infection in 1.5-2 weeks immunocompromised people at big risk
Cryptosporidium parvum life cycle
- human ingests oocyst
- sporozoites
- trophozoite
- schizont
- merozoite
- gametocyst
- gamete
- zygote
- thin walled or thick walled oocyst
* thin walled auto-infect host. never leave body - thick walled oocyst leave in feces–infective immediately
Nosocomial infection
hospital acquired
5 plasmodium species
- P. falciparum
- P. vivax
- P. malariae
- P. ovale
- P. knowlesi
Daignosis malaria
traditionally: blood smear
modern: molecular diagnostics
P. vivax special life stage
hypnozoite: dormant stage
exists in human liver for up to 8 years
P. malariae special life stage
Recvudesence: parasite exists at low levels for up to 50 years
common cause of transfusion malaria
Malaria life cycle ha good luck
- mosquito injects sporozoite into human
- invade human liver hepatocyst (liver cells)
- trophozoites
- schizont
- merozoite
- invades red blood cells
- trophozoite
- schizont
- merozoite
* merozoite can go back and invade blood cells** - micro/macro gametocysts
- mosquito feeds, takes up gametocysts
- micro/macro gametes
- zygote (ookinete)
- sporozoite
- invade salivary glands of mosquito
- mosquito blood feeds and transfers sporozoites
Malaria vector
Anopheles gambiae
Signs/Symptoms malaria
chills, fever, confusion, coma, headache
anemia, splenomegaly, black urine
Malaria Control
vector control (spraying and habitat modification, screens and bed nets)
Anti-malaria drugs
Vaccine is unlikely
Babesia bigema: Hosts
DH: cattle
IH: Boophilus annulatus tick
Tick spends all life stages on same host. Parasite transmitted when eggs are released from tick.
Apicomplexa
Balantidium coli
DH; humans
RH: pigs
monoxenous
similar to E. histolytica
B. coli lifecycle
Human ingests cycst
trophs in gut
cysts passed in feces
no direct troph transmission like with E. histolytica
Diagnosis B. coli
fecal smear for cysts
Blood flagellates
Trypanosoma
Leishmania
Other flagellates
Giardia duodenalis
Trichomonas vaginalis & gallinae
Histomonas meleagridis
Coccidian Apicomplexa
Eimera tenella
Toxoplasma gondii
Cryposporidium parvum
Haemosporid Apicomplexa
Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, malariae, ovale, knowlesi
Babesia bigemina
Amoeba
E. histolytica, coli, dispar, hartmanni, gingivalis
Ciliates
Balantidium coli
Diagnosed with fecal smears
G. duodenalis
E. histolytica
Balantidium coli
Diagnosed with blood smear
Leishmania braziliensis
Plasmodium
