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Parasitology > Flagellates/Amoeba/Apicomplexans > Flashcards

Flagellates/Amoeba/Apicomplexans Flashcards

1
Q

American Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosoma cruzi
Hosts

A

DH: humans
RH: dogs, cats, armadillos, sloths, etc
IH: Kissing/Assassin bugs

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2
Q

Kissing Bug

Family, Order, Geni

A

Hemipitera
Reduviidae
Triatoma spp/Rhodnius spp/Paristrongylus spp

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3
Q

T. cruzi life cycle

A 
Trpyomastigote in blood of DH
bug ingests Tryps
Tryps becomes epimastigote in bug gut. Asexual rep.
Epi to Trypomastigote
bug feeds and shits on DH
DH scratches eggs into skin, eyes, mouth
Amastigote in smooth muscles cells of DH
Relicates, bursts cell (psuedocyst)
Amastigote back to trypomastigote
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4
Q

Acute American Trypanosmiasis

A

mostly in children
chagoma (red nodule at bit site)
Romanas sign (when in eye)
fever, chills

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5
Q

Chronic American Trypanosomiasis

A

in adults
mega heart/colon/esophagus/
result: death

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6
Q

Treatment American Tryps.

A

none

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7
Q

Diagnosis American Tryps.

A

Xenodiagnosis (let clean bugs feed on host)

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8
Q

African Trypanosomiasis

“African Sleeping Sickness”

A

Trypanosoma brucei brucei
T. brucei rhodesiense
T. brucei gambiense

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9
Q

T. brucei brucei
T. conyolense
T. evansi
T. equiperdum

A

in animals only.

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10
Q

alternate transmission T. cruzi

A

blood transfusions, transplacental, transmammary, sexually

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11
Q

T. brucei rhodesiense

A

shanker formation at bite sight
swelling of lymph notes
waves of fever in response to levels of parasites
cardiac involvement-result of death

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12
Q

T. brucei gambiense

A

central nervous system involvement leads to death

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13
Q

T. brucei diagnosis

A

CAAT test: tests for antibodies in blood sample.

to diagnose acute or chronic, Lumbar puncture

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14
Q

T. brucei treatment

A

Melarsoprol: arsenic based drug. ACUTE ONLY
Eflornothine: expensive IV drip

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15
Q

T. brucei control

A

suppress vector: clear brush, spray insecticide, Nzi traps

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16
Q

Leishmaniasis

A

DH: humans
IH vector: Sand fly (genii: Phlebotomus spp., Lutzomia spp.)
RH: lots—–>zoonotic disease

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17
Q

Leishmaniasis life cycle

A
  1. Amastigote in blood
  2. ingested by sand fly
  3. In gut becomes promastigote
  4. To cardiac valve of pharyngeal pump
  5. promastigote degrades valve so it cannot keep contents in stomach
  6. fly feeds, parasites get into DH
  7. DH macrophage engulfs prmastigote.
  8. Becomes amastigote, replicates
  9. repeat
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18
Q

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

mildest form
Leishmania tropica & Leishmania major
self-innoculation with skin scrapings of infected person

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19
Q

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania braziliensis
ulcer/legion forms in soft tissue (mouth palette, cartilage of nose)
Secondary infections, social stigma

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20
Q

Visceral Leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania donovani
“Dum Dum Fever” or “Kala Azar”
Infects immune system and destroys macrophages
severe anemia, malnutrition, secondary infection, hepatosplenomegaly (swelling of spleen)

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21
Q

Diagnosis Leishmaniasis

A

skin, blood, bone marrow sample depending on the strain

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22
Q

treatment Leishmaniasis

A

Miltefosine

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23
Q

“post Kala Azar”

A

if patient does not finish treatment of Leishmaniasis, gets big red papules on skin

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24
Q

Control Leishmaniasis

A

difficult because of variety of species of sand fly and RJ

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25
Q

Giardia duodenalis

A

DH: human
Monoxenous life cycle
RH: beaver, muskrat, gods, cows

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26
Q

Giardia duodenalis life cycle

A
  1. Trophozoite in human gut
  2. cysts in colon, passed with feces
    * cysts can survive in water, on produce*
  3. human ingests cysts
  4. Cysts to trophoziote
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27
Q

Diagnosis Giardia duodenalis

A

fecal smear

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28
Q

Treatment G. duodenalis

A

Metronidazole

wait it out for 1-2 weeks

29
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

cosmopolitan
monoxenous, sexually transmitted
No cysts stage—->cannot exist outside body
Men: asymptomatic, some females: white/green discharge

30
Q

T. vaginalis treatment

A

Metronidazole

31
Q

Trichomonas gallinae

A

DH: gallinaceous birds
monoxenous withouth cysts
transmitted through regurgitating and feeding young

32
Q

Histomonas meleagridis

A

causes “Black Head Turkey Disease”

DH: turkeys & chicken

33
Q

H. meleagridis life cycle

A
  1. trophoziote in turkey/chicken gut
  2. Troph replicate binary fisson
  3. cecal nematode (IH) Heteralsis gallinarum consumes trohpoziote
  4. Trophoziote get in nematode eggs
  5. Eggs passed with feces. Can live outside for up to two years
  6. Turkey consumes eggs
  7. eggs hatch, bird is infected with both nemotod & troph
    * PH: earthworms. Bird eats worm, gets infected**
34
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

monoxenous
DH: humans
cosmopolitan

35
Q

Symptoms/repercussions E. histolytica

A

amebic dysentery

holes in intestine, parasite spread to liver, lung, brain, skin

36
Q

Life cycle E. histolytica

A
  1. trophozoites in human gut
  2. cysts in colon
  3. cysts passed with feces
  4. human ingests cysts
    * alternate transmission: anilingus**
37
Q

Diagnosis E. histolytica

A

fecal smear for cysts. may need to do multiple

38
Q

Treatment E. histolytica

A

Flagyl (same as Giardia)

39
Q

Eimeria tenella

A

belong to Coccidians subgroup
monoxenous
DH: chickens

40
Q

E. tenella life cycle

A
  1. chicken ingests oocyst
  2. oocyst releases sporozoites
  3. invade cells, become trophozoites
  4. Then are schizont-meiotic divisions occur
  5. merozoites produce (daughter cells)
    * steps 3-5 repeated three times**
  6. macro, micro gametocytes produced
  7. macro, micro gametes merge to zygote
  8. oocyst formed, passed with feces
    * oocyst has 4 sporocysts with 2 sporozoites inside**
41
Q

human practice effecting transmission E. tenella

A

farming with high herd/flock population density

42
Q

Toxoplasma gandii

A

heteroxenous
DH: felines
IH: anything warm blooded
cosmopolitan

43
Q

Toxoplasma gandii life cycle

A
  1. bradyzoite in gut of cat
  2. trophozoite
  3. schizont
  4. merozoite
  5. gametocystes
  6. gametes
  7. zygote
  8. oocysts (has 2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites inside)
  9. oocyst passed in feces
  10. IH eats oocyst
  11. sporozoites inside cells
  12. replicates quickly as tachyzoite in tissues
  13. immune response
  14. bradyzoites
  15. zoitocyst (dormant)
  16. cat eats IH, bradyzoites reactivated.
    * merozoites can become trophozoites and continue replicating*
44
Q

Humans and Toxoplasma gandii

A
  • dead-end host
  • healthy adults asymptomatic, build premunition
  • immuncompromised people cannot control infection
  • if pregnant women infected, fetus risks retardation, cranial swelling, spontaneous abortion
45
Q

Treatment Toxoplasma gandii

A

tachyzoites can be treated
bradyzoites cannot
never cleared of parasite, just controlled*

46
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum

A 
DH: humans
RH: many
monoxenous
Healthy people clear infection in 1.5-2 weeks
immunocompromised people at big risk
47
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum life cycle

A
  1. human ingests oocyst
  2. sporozoites
  3. trophozoite
  4. schizont
  5. merozoite
  6. gametocyst
  7. gamete
  8. zygote
  9. thin walled or thick walled oocyst
    * thin walled auto-infect host. never leave body
  10. thick walled oocyst leave in feces–infective immediately
48
Q

Nosocomial infection

A

hospital acquired

49
Q

5 plasmodium species

A
  1. P. falciparum
  2. P. vivax
  3. P. malariae
  4. P. ovale
  5. P. knowlesi
50
Q

Daignosis malaria

A

traditionally: blood smear
modern: molecular diagnostics

51
Q

P. vivax special life stage

A

hypnozoite: dormant stage

exists in human liver for up to 8 years

52
Q

P. malariae special life stage

A

Recvudesence: parasite exists at low levels for up to 50 years
common cause of transfusion malaria

53
Q

Malaria life cycle ha good luck

A
  1. mosquito injects sporozoite into human
  2. invade human liver hepatocyst (liver cells)
  3. trophozoites
  4. schizont
  5. merozoite
  6. invades red blood cells
  7. trophozoite
  8. schizont
  9. merozoite
    * merozoite can go back and invade blood cells**
  10. micro/macro gametocysts
  11. mosquito feeds, takes up gametocysts
  12. micro/macro gametes
  13. zygote (ookinete)
  14. sporozoite
  15. invade salivary glands of mosquito
  16. mosquito blood feeds and transfers sporozoites
54
Q

Malaria vector

A

Anopheles gambiae

55
Q

Signs/Symptoms malaria

A

chills, fever, confusion, coma, headache

anemia, splenomegaly, black urine

56
Q

Malaria Control

A

vector control (spraying and habitat modification, screens and bed nets)
Anti-malaria drugs
Vaccine is unlikely

57
Q

Babesia bigema: Hosts

A

DH: cattle
IH: Boophilus annulatus tick
Tick spends all life stages on same host. Parasite transmitted when eggs are released from tick.
Apicomplexa

58
Q

Balantidium coli

A

DH; humans
RH: pigs
monoxenous
similar to E. histolytica

59
Q

B. coli lifecycle

A

Human ingests cycst
trophs in gut
cysts passed in feces
no direct troph transmission like with E. histolytica

60
Q

Diagnosis B. coli

A

fecal smear for cysts

61
Q

Blood flagellates

A

Trypanosoma

Leishmania

62
Q

Other flagellates

A

Giardia duodenalis
Trichomonas vaginalis & gallinae
Histomonas meleagridis

63
Q

Coccidian Apicomplexa

A

Eimera tenella
Toxoplasma gondii
Cryposporidium parvum

64
Q

Haemosporid Apicomplexa

A

Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, malariae, ovale, knowlesi

Babesia bigemina

65
Q

Amoeba

A

E. histolytica, coli, dispar, hartmanni, gingivalis

66
Q

Ciliates

A

Balantidium coli

67
Q

Diagnosed with fecal smears

A

G. duodenalis
E. histolytica
Balantidium coli

68
Q

Diagnosed with blood smear

A

Leishmania braziliensis

Plasmodium

Parasitology (3 decks)

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